Real words examples. Concrete, collective, abstract, material

Real nouns denote substances of homogeneous composition that are subject to measurement, division, but not counting (i.e., uncountable!): wheat, tobacco, caffeine, oil, silver, clay, lime, perfume, iron, bronze. Each part of a substance formed during division retains the properties of the whole.

Among the material nouns, the following thematic groups can be distinguished:

1. Titles food products and medications: salt, cereal, sugar, analgin, aspirin, streptocid.
2. Names of materials: brick, wallpaper, gypsum, clay.
3. Names of crops: oats, rye, barley, cabbage, potatoes, strawberries.
4. Names of types of fabrics: chintz, wool, silk, kiwi, velvet.
5. Names of minerals, metals, chemical elements and their compounds: coal, steel, tin, copper, oil, oxygen, calcium, helium.

Real nouns do not have special word-formation indicators, and their real meaning is expressed only lexically.

Grammatical features of real nouns

1. Can be ( flour, honey, tea, milk, tin) or only plural (canned food, cream, yeast, perfume).
2. They cannot be combined with because they are not countable.
3. Are subject to measurement - combined with, denoting units of mass and volume: liter of milk, kilogram of sugar, a ton of wheat.
4. At the words a lot of/few have a singular form: little sugar, a lot of gasoline.
5. Some material nouns that have only a singular form can be used in the plural form if they denote:

In the speech of native Russian speakers, every third word used is a noun. This part of speech is used to name objects, phenomena or persons; you can ask questions about it: Who? What?. Nouns are usually divided into lexical and grammatical categories - groups that are formed on the basis of similar meanings and grammatical features. One of these groups is real nouns.

Noun categories

Modern linguists never tire of proposing new classifications of the vocabulary of speech. We will focus on generally accepted ones - those that cannot be doubted. Nouns with similar semantics and morphological properties are divided into 4 groups, which are called lexico-grammatical categories:

1. Animated nouns.
2. Inanimate.
3. Proper names.
4. Common nouns.

Each of these groups has its own lexical and grammatical meaning, characteristics and a number of exceptions. Real (as well as concrete, abstract and collective) nouns are included in the large category of common nouns.

Properties of real nouns

Real names refer to substances of homogeneous composition that can be measured and divided, but not counted. This includes liquids, food, fabrics, etc. This type of name does not have special suffixes or other word-forming features; belonging to the category of real names is determined only by meaning.

Lexical features

All real nouns can be divided into 5 main categories (by name):

1. Materials: wallpaper, ink, cement and so on.
2. Food and medicine: yeast, milk, ibuprofen, aspirin and so on.
3. Fabrics: cotton, silk, cambric and so on.
4. Agricultural crops: wheat, potatoes, barley and so on.
5. Chemical elements, metals, fossils: gold, copper, strontium, helium and so on.

In some cases, real names classified as masculine may have two endings in the genitive case. As an example - jar of honey or jar of honey.

Grammatical features

Nouns from the category of real can only appear in singular(such words are called singularia tantum) - For example, gold, concrete; or only in the plural ( pluralia tantum) – wallpaper, yeast. Exceptions are idioms and set expressions: drink tea, seven sweats. The real singularia tantum is in the plural. h., if these are types or varieties of substance ( Greek wines, velvet fabrics) or large masses of something ( arctic ice, neutral waters). They are also not used with cardinal numbers (two, three, five, one hundred, etc.).

Real nouns

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what “material nouns” are in other dictionaries:

real nouns- Lexico-grammatical category of nouns, which are non-discrete (indivisible) quantities, therefore real nouns do not change in number: they have only the singular form. or only the plural form: milk, sour cream,... ...

REAL, oh, oh; vein, vein. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Noun (noun) is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the question “who”/“what”. One of the main lexical categories; in sentences, a noun, as a rule, acts as a subject or object.... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Morphology. ... Wikipedia

Part of speech characterized by; a) the meaning of objectivity (semantic feature); b) expression of this meaning using the categories of gender, number and case, as well as animateness and inanimateness (morphological feature); c) use in... ...

- (Latin “plural only”, singular plurale tantum) category of nouns used only in the plural. The traditional notation used in dictionaries to indicate this type of word is pl. Contents 1 Grammatical nature ... ... Wikipedia

The use of abstract, real and proper nouns in the plural- 1. Some abstract nouns, used in a specific meaning, are put in the plural form, for example: ... They talked about the joys of work (Chekhov) (cf.: hide your joy); ...He began to list the beauties... ... A reference book on spelling and style

The category of nouns used only in the plural (about 600 words in modern Russian). These include; 1) some abstract nouns denoting complex actions(elections, farewells), natural phenomena... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

lexico-grammatical categories of nouns- 1) concrete nouns; 2) real nouns; 3) abstract nouns; 4) collective nouns... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

This is an independent part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What?
The meaning of an object expressed nouns, combines the names of a wide variety of objects and phenomena, namely: 1) the names of specific cabbage soup and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp); 2) names of living beings (man, engineer, girl, boy, deer, mosquito); 3) names of various substances (oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt); 4) names of various natural phenomena and public life(storm, frost, rain, holiday, war); 5) names of abstract properties and signs, actions and states (freshness, whiteness, blueness, illness, expectation, murder).
Initial form noun- nominative singular.
Nouns There are: proper (Moscow, Rus', Sputnik) and common nouns (country, dream, night), animate (horse, elk, brother) and inanimate (table, field, dacha).
Nouns belong to the masculine (friend, youth, deer), feminine (girlfriend, grass, land) and neuter (window, sea, field) gender. Names nouns change according to cases and numbers, that is, they decline. Nouns have three declension (aunt, uncle, Maria - I declension; horse, gorge, genius - II declension; mother, night, quiet - III declension).
In a sentence nouns usually act as a subject or object, but can also be any other part of a sentence. For example: When the soul in chains, screams in my heart yearning, and the heart longs for boundless freedom (K. Balmont). I lay in the scent of azaleas (V. Bryusov)

Proper and common nouns

Proper nouns- these are the names of individuals, individual objects. Proper nouns include: 1) first names, surnames, nicknames, nicknames (Peter, Ivanov, Sharik); 2) geographical names (Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia); 3) astronomical names (Jupiter, Venus, Saturn); 4) names of holidays ( New Year, Teacher's Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day); 5) names of newspapers, magazines, works of art, enterprises (the newspaper “Trud”, the novel “Resurrection”, the publishing house “Prosveshchenie”), etc.
Common nouns They call homogeneous objects that have something in common, the same, some kind of similarity (person, bird, furniture).
All names own are written with capital letters(Moscow, Arctic), some are also included in quotation marks (cinema "Cosmos", newspaper "Evening Moscow").
In addition to differences in meaning and spelling proper nouns have a number of grammatical features: 1) are not used in the plural (except in cases of designating different objects and persons with the same name: We have two Ira and three Olya in our class); 2) cannot be combined with numerals.
Proper nouns can turn into common nouns, and common nouns- V own, for example: Narcissus (the name of a handsome young man in ancient Greek mythology) - narcissus (flower); Boston (city in the USA) - boston (woolen fabric), boston (slow waltz), boston (card game); labor - newspaper "Trud".

Animate and inanimate nouns

Animate nouns serve as names of living beings (people, animals, birds); answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as names for inanimate objects, as well as objects flora; answer the question what? Initially, in the Russian language, the category of animate-inanimate was formed as a semantic one. Gradually, with the development of language, this category became grammatical, therefore the division of nouns into animate And inanimate does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and nonliving.
An indicator of the animation or inanimateness of a noun is the coincidence of a number of grammatical forms. Animated and inanimate nouns differ from each other in the accusative plural form. U animate nouns this form coincides with the genitive case form, and inanimate nouns- with the nominative case form, for example: no friends - I see friends (but: no tables - I see tables), no brothers - I see brothers (but: no lights - I see lights), no horses - I see horses (but: no shadows - I see shadows), no children - I see children (but: no seas - I see seas).
For masculine nouns (except for nouns ending in -a, -я), this difference is preserved in the singular, for example: no friend - I see a friend (but: no house - I see a house).
TO animate noun may include nouns that, according to their meaning, should be considered inanimate, for example: “our nets brought in a dead man”; discard the trump ace, sacrifice the queen, buy dolls, paint nesting dolls.
TO inanimate noun may include nouns that, according to the meaning they express, should be classified as animated, for example: study pathogenic microbes; neutralize typhus bacilli; observe the embryo in its development; collect silkworm larvae, believe in your people; gather huge crowds, arm armies.

Concrete, abstract, collective, real, singular nouns

According to the characteristics of the expressed meaning, nouns can be divided into several groups: 1) concrete nouns(chair, suit, room, roof), 2) abstract, or abstract, nouns(struggle, joy, good, evil, morality, whiteness), 3) collective nouns(animal, fool, foliage, linen, furniture); 4) real nouns(cycle: gold, milk, sugar, honey); 5) singular nouns(pea, grain of sand, straw, pearl).
Specific are nouns that denote phenomena or objects of reality. They can be combined with cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers and form plural forms. For example: boy - boys, two boys, second boy, two boys; table - tables, two tables, second table.
Abstract, or abstract, are nouns that denote any abstract action, state, quality, property or concept. Abstract nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with the words many, few, how many, etc. For example: grief - a lot of grief, little grief. How much grief!
Collective are called nouns that denote a collection of persons or objects as an indivisible whole. Collective nouns have only the singular form and are not combined with numerals, for example: youth, old man, foliage, birch forest, aspen forest. Wed: Old people gossiped for a long time about the lives of young people and the interests of youth. - Whose are you, old man? Peasants, in essence, have always remained owners. - In no country in the world has the peasantry ever been truly free. On the first of September all children will go to school. - The children gathered in the yard and waited for the adults to arrive. All students successfully passed state exams. - Students take an active part in the work of charitable foundations. The nouns old people, peasantry, children, students are collective, the formation of plural forms from them is impossible.
Real are called nouns that denote a substance that cannot be divided into its component parts. These words can be called chemical elements, their compounds, alloys, drugs, various materials, types of food products and crops, etc. Real nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with words naming units of measure kilogram, liter, ton. For example: sugar - a kilogram of sugar, milk - two liters of milk, wheat - a ton of wheat.
Singular nouns are a type real nouns. These nouns name one instance of those objects that make up the set. Wed: pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.

Gender of nouns

Genus- this is the ability of nouns to be combined with forms of compatible words specific for each generic variety: my house, my hat, my window.
Based on gender nouns are divided into three groups: 1) masculine nouns(house, horse, sparrow, uncle), 2) feminine nouns(water, earth, dust, rye), 3) neuter nouns(face, sea, tribe, gorge).
In addition, there is a small group common nouns, which can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons (crybaby, touchy-feely, youngster, upstart, grabber).
The grammatical meaning of gender is created by the system of case endings of a given singular noun (thus gender of nouns distinguished only in the singular).

Masculine, feminine and neuter gender of nouns

TO masculine include: 1) nouns with a base on a hard or soft consonant and a zero ending in the nominative case (table, horse, reed, knife, cry); 2) some nouns with the ending -а (я) such as grandfather, uncle; 3) some nouns with endings -о, -е such as saraishko, bread, little house; 4) noun journeyman.
TO feminine refers to: 1) most nouns with the ending -a (ya) (grass, aunt, earth) in the nominative case; 2) part of the nouns with a base on a soft consonant, as well as on zh and sh and a zero ending in the nominative case (laziness, rye, quiet).
TO neuter include: 1) nouns ending in -о, -е in the nominative case (window, field); 2) ten nouns starting with -mya (burden, time, tribe, flame, stirrup, etc.); 3) noun “child”.
The nouns doctor, professor, architect, deputy, guide, author, etc., naming a person by profession, type of activity, are classified as masculine. However, they can also refer to females. Coordination of definitions in this case is subject to the following rules: 1) a non-separate definition must be put in the masculine form, for example: A young doctor Sergeeva appeared at our site. New option articles of the law were proposed by the young deputy Petrova; 2) a separate definition after the proper name should be placed in the feminine form, for example: Professor Petrova, already known to the trainees, successfully operated on the patient. The predicate must be put in the feminine form if: 1) the sentence contains a proper noun standing before the predicate, for example: Director Sidorova received a prize. Tour guide Petrova took the students through the oldest streets of Moscow; 2) the form of the predicate is the only indicator that we are talking about a woman, and it is important for the writer to emphasize this, for example: The school director turned out to be a good mother. Note. Such constructions should be used with great caution, since not all of them correspond to the norms of book and written speech. Common nouns Some nouns with endings -а (я) can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons. These are nouns of a general gender, for example: crybaby, touchy, sneak, slob, quiet. Depending on the gender of the person they denote, these nouns can be classified as either feminine or masculine: a little crybaby is a little crybaby, such a mischief is such a mischief, a terrible slob is a terrible slob. In addition to similar words, common nouns may include: 1) unchangeable surnames: Makarenko, Malykh, Defieux, Michon, Hugo, etc.; 2) colloquial forms of some proper names: Sasha, Valya, Zhenya. The words doctor, professor, architect, deputy, tour guide, author, which name a person by profession or type of activity, do not belong to the general nouns. They are masculine nouns. Common nouns are emotionally charged words that have a pronounced estimated value, are used mainly in colloquial speech, therefore they are not typical for scientific and official business styles of speech. Using them in work of art, the author seeks to emphasize the conversational nature of the statement. For example: - You see how it is, on someone else’s side. Everything turns out hateful for her. No matter what you see, it’s not the same, it’s not like mom’s. Right? - Oh, I don’t know! She's a crybaby, that's all! Aunt Enya laughed a little. Such a kind laugh, light sounds and leisurely, like her gait. - Well, yes! You are our man, a knight. You won't shed tears. And she's a girl. Tender. Mom and Dad (T. Polikarpova). Gender of indeclinable nouns Foreign language common nouns are distributed by gender as follows: The masculine gender includes: 1) names of male persons (dandy, maestro, porter); 2) names of animals and birds (chimpanzees, cockatoos, hummingbirds, kangaroos, ponies, flamingos); 3) the words coffee, penalty, etc. The feminine gender includes names of female persons (Miss, Frau, Lady). The neuter gender includes the names of inanimate objects (coat, muffler, neckline, depot, subway). Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin denoting animals and birds are usually masculine (flamingos, kangaroos, cockatoos, chimpanzees, ponies). If, according to the conditions of the context, it is necessary to indicate a female animal, the agreement is carried out using the feminine gender. The nouns kangaroo, chimpanzee, pony are combined with a past tense verb in the feminine form. For example: The kangaroo was carrying a baby kangaroo in her bag. The chimpanzee, apparently a female, fed the baby a banana. The mother pony was standing in a stall with a small foal. The noun tsetse is an exception. Its gender is determined by the gender of the word mukha (feminine). For example: Tsetse bit a tourist. If determining the gender of an indeclinable noun is difficult, it is advisable to refer to spelling dictionary. For example: haiku (Japanese tercet) - s.r., takku (Japanese quintet) - s.r., su (coin) - s.r., flamenco (dance) - s.r., taboo (prohibition) - s.r. .R. Some indeclinable nouns are recorded only in dictionaries of new words. For example: sushi (Japanese dish) - sr., tarot (cards) - plural. (genus is not determined). The gender of indeclinable foreign-language geographical names, as well as names of newspapers and magazines, is determined by the generic common noun, for example: Pau (river), Bordeaux (city), Mississippi (river), Erie (lake), Congo (river), Ontario (lake), "Humanité" (newspaper). The gender of indeclinable compound words is in most cases determined by the gender of the core word of the phrase, for example: MSU (university - m.r.) MFA (academy - zh.r.). The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen is usually determined: 1) by the first part, if both parts change: my chair-bed - my chair-bed (sr.), a new amphibious aircraft - new amphibious aircraft (m.r.); 2) according to the second part, if the first does not change: sparkling firebird - sparkling firebird (g.r.), huge swordfish - huge swordfish (g.r.). In some cases, the gender is not determined, since compound word used only in the plural: fairy-tale boots-runners - fairy-tale boots-runners (plural). Number of nouns Nouns are used in the singular when talking about one object (horse, stream, crevice, field). Nouns are used in the plural when talking about two or more objects (horses, streams, cracks, fields). According to the characteristics of the forms and meanings of the singular and plural, the following are distinguished: 1) nouns that have both singular and plural forms; 2) nouns that have only a singular form; 3) nouns that have only a plural form. The first group includes nouns with a concrete object meaning, denoting countable objects and phenomena, for example: house - houses; street - streets; person people; city ​​dweller - city dwellers. The nouns of the second group include: 1) names of many identical objects (children, teachers, raw materials, spruce forest, foliage); 2) names of objects with real meaning (peas, milk, raspberries, porcelain, kerosene, chalk); 3) names of quality or attribute (freshness, whiteness, dexterity, melancholy, courage); 4) names of actions or states (mowing, chopping, delivery, running, surprise, reading); 5) proper names as names of individual objects (Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi); 6) words burden, udder, flame, crown. The nouns of the third group include: 1) names of composite and paired objects (scissors, glasses, watches, abacus, jeans, trousers); 2) names of materials or waste, residues (bran, cream, perfume, wallpaper, sawdust, ink, 3) names of periods of time (vacations, days, weekdays); 4) names of actions and states of nature (troubles, negotiations, frosts, sunrises, twilight); 5) some geographical names (Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Sochi, Carpathians, Sokolniki); 6) the names of some games (blind man's buff, hide and seek, chess, backgammon, grandma). The formation of plural forms of nouns is mainly done with the help of endings. In some cases, some changes in the base of the word may also be observed, namely: 1) softening of the final consonant of the base (neighbor - neighbors, devil - devils, knee - knees); 2) alternation of the final consonants of the stem (ear - ears, eye - eyes); 3) adding a suffix to the plural stem (husband - husband\j\a], chair - chair\j\a], sky - heaven, miracle - miracle-es-a, son - son-ov\j\a]) ; 4) loss or replacement of formative suffixes of the singular (mister - gentlemen, chicken - hens, calf - tel-yat-a, bear cub - bear cubs). For some nouns, plural forms are formed by changing the stem, for example: person (singular) - people (plural), child (singular) - children (plural). In indeclinable nouns, number is determined syntactically: young chimpanzee (singular) - many chimpanzees (plural). Case of nouns Case is an expression of the relationship of an object called by a noun to other objects. Russian grammar distinguishes six cases of nouns, the meanings of which are generally expressed using case questions: The nominative case is considered direct, and all others are indirect. To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need to: 1) find the word to which the noun refers; 2) put a question from this word to the noun: see (who? what?) brother, be proud of (what?) successes. Among the case endings of nouns, homonym endings are often found. For example, in the forms of the genitive case from the door, the dative case to the door, and the prepositional case about the door, there is not the same ending -i, but three different homonym endings. The same homonyms are the endings of the dative and prepositional cases in the forms by country and about country-e. Types of declension of nouns Declension is the change of a noun by case and number. This change is expressed using a system of case endings and shows the grammatical relationship of the given noun to other words in the phrase and sentence, for example: School\a\ is open. Construction of schools has been completed. Graduates send greetings to schools\e\ According to the peculiarities of case endings in the singular, a noun has three declensions. The type of declination can only be determined in the singular. Nouns of the first declension The first declension includes: 1) feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land, army); 2) masculine nouns denote people with the ending -a (ya) in the nominative singular case (uncle, young man, Petya). 3) nouns of the general gender with endings -а (я) in the nominative case (crybaby, sleepyhead, bully). Nouns of the first declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns in -ya and -iya: Marya - Maria, Natalya - Natalia, Daria - Daria, Sophia - Sofia. Nouns of the first declension in -iya (army, guard, biology, line, series, Maria) in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i. In writing, mistakes are often caused by mixing the endings of nouns of the first declension into -ee and -iya. Words ending in -eya (alley, battery, gallery, idea) have the same endings as feminine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as earth, will, bathhouse, etc. Nouns of the second declension The second declension includes: 1) nouns masculine with a zero ending in the nominative singular (house, horse, museum); 2) masculine nouns with the ending -о (-е) in the nominative singular (domishko, saraishko); 3) neuter nouns with the ending -о, -е in the nominative singular case (window, sea, gorge); 4) noun journeyman. Masculine nouns of the second declension have the following endings in the oblique singular cases: In the prepositional singular case, the ending -e predominates for masculine nouns. The ending -у (у) is accepted only by inanimate masculine nouns if: a) they are used with the prepositions in and on; b) have (in most cases) the nature of stable combinations denoting a place, state, time of action. For example: eyesore; remain in debt; on the verge of death; grazing; to follow the lead; stew in one's own juices; be in good standing. But: work by the sweat of your brow, in the sunshine; grammatical structure; at a right angle; in some cases, etc. It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns: -ie and -ie: teaching - teaching, treatment - treatment, silence - silence, torment - torment, radiance - radiance. Nouns of the second declension ending in -i, -i in the prepositional case -i. Words ending in -ey (sparrow, museum, mausoleum, frost, lyceum) have the same endings as masculine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as horse, elk, deer, fight, etc. Nouns of the third declension The third declension includes names feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular (door, night, mother, daughter). Nouns of the third declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: The words mother and daughter belonging to the third declension, when changed in all cases except the nominative and accusative, have the suffix -er- at the base: Declension of nouns in the plural In case endings plural differences between individual types of noun declension are insignificant. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, nouns of all three declensions have the same endings. In the nominative case, the endings -и, -ы и|-а(-я) predominate. The ending -e is less common. You should remember the formation of the genitive plural forms of some nouns, where the ending can be zero or -ov. This includes words naming: 1) paired and composite objects: (not) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses); 2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of the words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Yakuts); 3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz; 4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes). In some cases, plural endings perform a semantic distinguishing function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance move”) - trumpet knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe"). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns include: 1) ten nouns ending in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown); 2) noun path; 3) noun child. Diversified nouns have the following features: 1) ending - both in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular - as in the III declension; 2) the ending -еm in the instrumental case of the singular as in the 2nd declension; 3) the suffix -en- in all forms, except for the nominative and accusative cases of the singular (only for nouns ending in -mya). The word path has case forms of the third declension, with the exception of the instrumental case of the singular, which is characterized by the form of the second declension. Wed: night - nights, path - paths (in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases); steering wheel - steering wheel, path - path (in the instrumental case). The noun child in the singular retains the archaic declension, which is currently not actually used, but in the plural it has the usual forms, except for the instrumental case, which is characterized by the ending -mi (the same ending is characteristic of the form by people). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns do not have case forms, these words do not have endings. The grammatical meanings of individual cases in relation to such nouns are expressed syntactically, for example: drink coffee, buy cashews, novels by Dumas. Indeclinable nouns include: 1) many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -о, -е, -и, -у, -у, -а (solo, coffee, hobby, zebu, cashew, bra, Dumas, Zola); 2) foreign-language surnames denoting female persons ending in a consonant (Michon, Sagan); 3) Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o, -ih, -yh (Durnovo, Krutykh, Sedykh); 4) complex abbreviated words of alphabetic and mixed nature (Moscow State University, Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of department). The syntactic function of indeclinable nouns is determined only in context. For example: The Walrus asked the Kangaroo (RP): How can you stand the heat? I'm shaking from the cold! - Kangaroo (I.p.) said to Walrus. (B. Zakhoder) Kangaroo is an indeclinable noun, denotes an animal, masculine gender, and is the object and subject of a sentence. Morphological analysis of a noun Morphological analysis of a noun includes the identification of four constant characteristics (proper-common noun, animate-inanimate, gender, declension) and two inconsistent ones (case and number). The number of constant features of a noun can be increased by including features such as concrete and abstract, as well as real and collective nouns. Scheme of morphological analysis of a noun.

In russian language common nouns nouns are allocated to special groups.

Specific nouns denote objects of reality or persons. They mean counted items. Such nouns are capable of having paired form of the number. Specific nouns include:

• a) common nouns with the meaning of person ( father – fathers, student – students etc.);
• b) denoting objects surrounding a person ( table – tables, wood – trees, house – Houses);
• c) various kinds of concepts, very similar to abstract ones, but capable of being counted ( word – words, revolution - revolutions, atom – atoms and so on.).

Distracted nouns are used to denote concepts such as action, state, sign, quality, property, presented in the broad sense of the word ( happiness, joy, tact, confusion, patience, kindness, harshness, luck). Abstract nouns are characterized by the fact that:

• 1) have a singular form and do not have a paired number form ( love, novelty and so on.). Cases when an abstract noun is used in only the plural form are rare in the Russian language ( wake, twilight and so on.);
• 2) some abstract names are grammatically formalized as plural nouns ( twilight, elections, debates and so on.);
• 3) have word-formation indicators, i.e. have their own suffixes: -ost- (liveness), -izn- (whiteness), -ot- (height), -ev- (blue), -enu[j]- (read[j]e) etc.

Abstract nouns are formed quite regularly (they can be formed from almost every verb or qualitative adjective).

Abstract nouns can go into the category specific, and then they get the paired form of the number. Wed. phrases depthsea ​​(depth– abstract noun) – such depths(depths – plural form of a specific noun). Likewise: beauty of nature – beauty of nature – not just abstract actions, signs, qualities are called, but their concrete manifestations. With such specific meanings, the noun gets the opportunity to be combined with cardinal numbers: Two- not small – political joyvisited me at the end of September during my stay with Chukovsky...(A. Solzhenitsyn).

Collective nouns denote something whole; indivisible multitude presented as a definite unity. Wed: student, sheet(units) – students, sheets(plural) – the indicator is zero inflection in the singular and inflection -s in plural; nouns students(= "all students combined"), foliage(= "all sheets") – collective. Typical example: the youth= "young people".

Collective nouns are characterized by the fact that:

• 1) designate totality in any respect – a) persons (relatives, fool); b) animals, insects, birds ( crow, mosquito, beast), c) objects of the plant world ( foliage, needles, birch forest, spruce forest), d) things (shoes, furniture, linen, dishes);
• 2) are used only in singular(cf.: furniture, linen, relatives – units h.);
• 3) have their own suffixes: -stv- (students, peasantry), -j- (beast [j]e, white [j]e), -v- (foliage), -ur- (doctorate, professorship) etc.

Collective nouns must be distinguished from nouns in which collective category is expressed lexically(root morpheme) or word-formation. Such nouns can have a paired number form. For example: inflorescence(cf. inflorescences– pl. h.), people(cf. peoples).

Collective nouns denoting persons and animals do not exhibit the category of animation. Wed: feel sorry for the beast(V.p.), but animals_(R. p.) – I. p. = V. p. (inanimate); I see people(V. p. = I. p.) is an inanimate noun.

Real nouns combine words with meaning substances:

• – types of food products (cream, sour cream, cottage cheese, sugar);
• – types of crops (wheat, rye);
• – chemical elements, compounds and alloys (alkali, sulfur, copper);
• – various types of materials (suede, velor, wood);
• - medications (aspirin, validol);
• – food and other types of waste (sawdust, slop).

Their features are as follows.

• 1. They form a lexico-grammatical group because they do not have a paired number form. Wed: sawdust, firewood, cream, yeast– such nouns have either only singular or only plural.
• 2. Masculine nouns in the genitive case may have a special ending: -y with the meaning of a part of the whole. For example: Place sugar in a glass. Buy a bag of sand. Drink tea But: tea production, sand mining.
• 3. These nouns cannot be counted and cannot be combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with words denoting a certain measure, weight. For example: kilogram, bag, glass, bottle, jar(cf.: sugar); meter of fabric, liter of sour cream, ton of wheat etc.

Real nouns are capable of become more specific, and then they may have paired form of number. Wed: cereal, But cereals, water, But mineral water. The paired form of a number can appear when such a noun denotes a significant amount of a substance: the waters are flowing, the snow is falling, the sands are all swept away– these are all plural forms. For example: White snow is falling...(E. Yevtushenko).

Single nouns ( singularities) denote allocated part from a homogeneous composition of real or collective nouns. Wed: raisin(real) highlight(single), sugar - sugar; pea, straw etc.

In terms of morphological properties, singular nouns do not differ from specific: they have a pair number form ( snowflake – snowflakes). Single nouns are formed from material or material-collective nouns using suffixes -in- (pea, straw), -inc- (zest, sugar).

Should not be mixed single nouns with specific, who are unable to relate to real nouns.