Topic: Autumn mood in the works of art masters

Target:

educational : introduce the poems of Russian poets, music and paintings about autumn, teach the analysis of a poetic text, consolidate knowledge about the means of artistic representation (comparison, metaphor, epithet)

Educational : develop an aesthetic sense of beauty, develop text research skills, creative imagination

Educational : to cultivate an attentive attitude to the poetic word, to help to see and feel not only the figurative side of poems, their meaning, but also the beauty of the word, to instill love for Russian nature

Methods and techniques:- advanced homework;

The word of the teacher;

heuristic conversation;

Problem tasks and questions;

Creative tasks

What impressed you the most: the music, the painting, or the poem? Why?

Conclude:

All types of art are united by ... (love for native nature, quiet admiration of its charms, joyful, life-affirming mood)

Unlike other types of art in a literary work, a writer ... (can, using the beauty and power of a poetic word, express the most vivid feelings and experiences from what he saw, verbally describe all the charm of Russian nature)

V. A conversation about a poem

leaf fall

Forest, like a painted tower,

Purple, gold, crimson,

Cheerful, colorful wall

It stands over a bright meadow.

Birches with yellow carving

Shine in blue azure,

Like towers, Christmas trees darken,

And between the maples they turn blue

Here and there in the foliage through

Clearances in the sky, that windows.

The forest smells of oak and pine,

During the summer it dried up from the sun,

And Autumn is a quiet widow

He enters his motley tower.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin

What artistic techniques does he use to express the beauty of the autumn landscape?

(Students' statements: the epithets "purple, gold", "cheerful, motley")

What comparisons does the poet use?

(“a forest, like a painted tower”, “like towers, Christmas trees”, “clearances in the sky, like windows”)

Guys, how do you understand the word "terem"? Tower illustration

(Work with the explanatory dictionary. Terem - V Ancient Russia: dwelling at the top of the house or tower house)

Why does the poet compare the forest with a tower?

(He is just as majestic, tall, fabulous)

Find metaphors.

(Forest "with a cheerful motley wall.// Stands over a bright clearing",

"birches with yellow carving")

What is the mood of the poem?

Can it be defined unambiguously? Yes, we have a bright, colorful picture of autumn, but there is some kind of sadness. From what?

Why does the poet compare Autumn to a widow?

What literary device does the poet use?

(personification)

(Working with an explanatory dictionary. A widow is a woman who has lost her husband. “Widow” is a symbol of loneliness, sadness.)

Why such a comparison?

(Students' assumptions: Autumn, when Winter approaches, will lose its elegant attire, bright colors)

And now let's check the forecasts and listen to more excerpts from this poem.

Do not wait: the next morning will not glimpse

The sun is in the sky. Rain and haze

The forest is fogged with cold smoke, -

No wonder the night is over!

But Autumn will hold deep

Everything she's been through

In the silent night and lonely

Forbidden in his terem:

Let the forest rage in the rain

Let the dark and rainy nights

And in the clearing wolf eyes

Glow green with fire!

Forest, like a tower without a prize,

All darkened and shed,

September, circling through the thickets of boron,

He removed the roof in places

And the entrance was strewn with damp foliage;

And there the winter fell at night

And he began to melt, killing everything ...

Autumn, all alone, hid in her fairy-tale chamber, and the moment will come when it will be necessary to leave it, leaving the already bare forest with fallen leaves to Winter. The forest is silent, motionless, he hid in anticipation of Winter, winter cold and snowstorms.

Now, I think, it becomes clear why the poem is called "Falling Leaves"?

(The poem captures not only the process of falling autumn leaves, but also a feeling of sorrow for the loss of beauty ...)

VI. Summary of the lesson. Conclusions.

This is how similar and dissimilar the ideas of masters of brush, word and sound about nature can be.

The main thing in the poem is feelings, mood, depth of thought. It does not open everything at once, it has a hidden description. Only careful reading, a thoughtful attitude to each word will help the reader really understand the poem.

VII. Homework(multilevel)

1. Depict the autumn mood in the illustration.

2. Learn a poem about autumn

3. Try to create a poetic miniature "A fire of red mountain ash is burning in the garden ..."

Ilya Ilyich lay carelessly on the sofa, playing with his shoe, dropped it on the floor, lifted it into the air, turned it around, it fell, he picked it up from the floor with his foot ... Zakhar entered and stood at the door.

– What are you? Oblomov asked casually.

Zakhar was silent and looked at him almost directly, not sideways.

- Well? Oblomov asked, looking at him with surprise. - Is the pie ready?

Did you find an apartment? Zakhar asked in turn.

- Not yet. And what?

- Yes, I haven’t made out everything yet: dishes, clothes, chests - it’s still standing in a closet like a mountain. Understand, right?

“Wait,” Oblomov said absently, “I'm waiting for an answer from the village.

- So, the wedding will be after Christmas? Zakhar added.

- What wedding? - suddenly standing up, asked Oblomov.

- It is known which one: yours! - Zakhar answered positively, as if about a matter decided a long time ago. - Are you getting married?

- I am getting married! On whom? Oblomov asked with horror, devouring Zakhar with astonished eyes.

- On Ilinskaya profit ... - Zakhar did not finish yet, and Oblomov was almost on his nose.

- What are you, unfortunate, who inspired this idea in you? - Oblomov exclaimed pathetically, in a restrained voice, pressing on Zakhar.

- What kind of unfortunate am I? Glory to you Lord! - said Zakhar, retreating to the doors. - Who? Ilyinsky's people said in the summer.

- Csss! .. - Oblomov hissed at him, raising his finger up and threatening Zakhar. - Not another word!

-Did I make it up? Zakhar said.

- Not a word! Oblomov repeated, looking menacingly at him, and showed him the door.

Zakhar left and sighed across all the rooms.

Oblomov could not come to his senses; he still stood in one position, looking with horror at the place where Zakhar was, then in despair he put his hands on his head and sat down in an armchair.

“People know! - he tossed and turned in his head. - In the lackeys, in the kitchens, rumors are going on! That's what it's come to! He dared to ask when the wedding was. But the aunt still does not suspect, or if she suspects, then, perhaps, something else, unkind ... Ah, ah, ah, what can she think! And I? And Olga?

“Unhappy, what have I done!” he said, rolling over on the couch facing the pillow. - Wedding! This poetic moment in the life of those who love, the crown of happiness - the lackeys, the coachmen started talking about it, when nothing had been decided yet, when there was no answer from the village, when I had an empty wallet, when the apartment was not found ...

He began to analyze the “poetic moment”, which suddenly lost its colors as soon as Zakhar spoke about it. Oblomov began to see the other side of the medal and painfully turned from side to side, lay down on his back, suddenly jumped up, took three steps around the room and lay down again.

“Well, do not be good! Zakhar thought with fear in his hallway. - Ek pulled me hard!

– How do they know? Oblomov said. - Olga was silent, I didn’t even dare to think aloud, but everything was decided in the hall! That's what it means to meet alone, the poetry of morning and evening dawns, passionate looks and charming singing! Oh, these love poems never end well! We must first get down the aisle and then swim in a pink atmosphere! .. My God! My God! Run to your aunt, take Olga by the hand and say: “Here is my bride!” But nothing is ready, there is no answer from the village, no money, no apartment! No, first we must knock this thought out of Zakhar's head, extinguish the rumors like a flame, so that it does not spread, so that there is no fire and smoke ... Wedding! What is a wedding? .. "

He was about to smile, remembering his former poetic wedding ideal, the long veil, the orange branch, the whispers of the crowd...

But the colors were no longer the same: right there, in the crowd, there was a rude, untidy Zakhar and all the Ilyinsky household, a row of carriages, alien, coldly curious faces. Then, then everything seemed so boring, terrible ...

“We need to get this thought out of Zakhar’s head so that he considers it an absurdity,” he decided, now convulsively agitated, now painfully thinking.

An hour later he called Zakhar.

(I. A. Goncharov, "Oblomov")

As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as the most important constituent element of it. artistic means. The correct use of vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.

In the context, the word is a special world, a mirror of the author's perception and attitude to reality. It has its own, metaphorical, accuracy, its own special truths, called artistic revelations, the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.

The individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is, first of all, the self-expression of an individual. The literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotional image of a particular work of art. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring that creates a kind of world that we discover for ourselves while reading the text.

Not only in literary, but also in oral, we use, without hesitation, various methods of artistic expression to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, figurativeness. Let's see what artistic techniques are in the Russian language.

The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.

Metaphor

Artistic devices in literature cannot be imagined without mentioning the most important of them - a way to create a linguistic picture of the world based on the meanings already existing in the language itself.

The types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:

1. Fossilized, worn, dry or historical (bow of a boat, eye of a needle).
2. Phraseological units are stable figurative combinations of words that have emotionality, metaphor, reproducibility in the memory of many native speakers, expressiveness (death grip, vicious circle, etc.).
3. A single metaphor (for example, a homeless heart).
4. Unfolded (heart - "porcelain bell in yellow China" - Nikolai Gumilyov).
5. Traditional poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
6. Individually-author's (hump of the sidewalk).

In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, paraphrase, meiosis, litote and other tropes.

The word "metaphor" itself means "transfer" in Greek. In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of the name from one subject to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some kind of similarity, they must be related in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression used in figurative meaning due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects on some basis.

As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the most striking means of expressiveness of artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the absence of expressiveness of the work.

Metaphor can be both simple and detailed. In the twentieth century, the use of expanded in poetry is revived, and the nature of simple changes significantly.

Metonymy

Metonymy is a type of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means "renaming", that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word by another on the basis of the existing adjacency of two concepts, objects, etc. This is an imposition on the direct meaning of a figurative one. For example: "I ate two plates." The confusion of meanings, their transfer is possible because the objects are adjacent, and the adjacency can be in time, space, etc.

Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means "correlation". Such a transfer of meaning takes place when a smaller one is called instead of a larger one, or vice versa; instead of a part - a whole, and vice versa. For example: "According to Moscow".

Epithet

Artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, cannot be imagined without an epithet. This is a figure, trope, figurative definition, phrase or word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action with a subjective

Translated from Greek, this term means "attached, application", that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.

An epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness.

Permanent epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expression. In the strict sense of the term, only those of them belong to tropes, the function of which is played by words in a figurative sense, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed by words in a figurative sense. direct meaning(red berry, beautiful flowers). Figurative are created by using words in a figurative sense. Such epithets are called metaphorical. The metonymic transfer of the name can also underlie this trope.

An oxymoron is a kind of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, which form combinations with definable nouns that are opposite in meaning to words (hating love, joyful sadness).

Comparison

Comparison - a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of various objects by similarity, which can be both obvious and unexpected, distant. Usually it is expressed using certain words: "exactly", "as if", "like", "as if". Comparisons can also take the instrumental form.

personification

Describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a kind of metaphor, which is the assignment of the properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. Often it is created by referring to similar natural phenomena as conscious living beings. The personification is also the transfer of human properties to animals.

Hyperbole and litote

Let us note such methods of artistic expressiveness in literature as hyperbole and litotes.

Hyperbole (in translation - "exaggeration") is one of the expressive means of speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggeration of what is being discussed.

Litota (in translation - "simplicity") - the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is at stake (a boy with a finger, a peasant with a fingernail).

Sarcasm, irony and humor

We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be supplemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.

• Sarcasm means "I tear meat" in Greek. This is an evil irony, a caustic mockery, a caustic remark. When using sarcasm, a comic effect is created, but at the same time, an ideological and emotional assessment is clearly felt.
• Irony in translation means "pretense", "mockery". It occurs when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is implied.
• Humor is one of the lexical means of expression, in translation meaning "mood", "temper". In a comical, allegorical manner, whole works can sometimes be written in which one feels a mockingly good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story "Chameleon" by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.

The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to you the following.

Grotesque

The most important artistic devices in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "fancy". This artistic technique is a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the work of, for example, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin ("Lord Golovlevs", "History of a City", fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of hyperbole.

Sarcasm, irony, humor, and the grotesque are popular artistic devices in literature. Examples of the first three are the stories of A.P. Chekhov and N.N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, "Gulliver's Travels").

What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel "Lord Golovlevs"? Of course, grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic devices in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.

Pun

A pun is a figure of speech that is an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that occurs when two or more meanings of a word are used in the context or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.

In puns, the play on words is based on Jokes arise from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A.P. Chekhov.

Figure of speech - what is it?

The word "figure" itself is translated from Latin as "appearance, outline, image." This word has many meanings. What does this term mean in relation to artistic speech? related to the figures: questions, appeals.

What is a "trope"?

"What is the name of the artistic technique that uses the word in a figurative sense?" - you ask. The term "trope" combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litote, hyperbole, personification and others. In translation, the word "trope" means "revolution". Artistic speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special phrases that decorate speech and make it more expressive. IN different styles different means of expression. The most important thing in the concept of "expressiveness" for artistic speech is the ability of a text, a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic pictures and vivid images.

We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them make us positive emotions, others, on the contrary, excite, alert, cause anxiety, soothe or induce sleep. Different sounds evoke different images. With the help of their combination, you can emotionally influence a person. Reading works of art of literature and Russian folk art, we especially acutely perceive their sound.

Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness

• Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
• Assonance is the intentional harmonic repetition of vowels.

Often alliteration and assonance are used in works at the same time. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.

Reception of sound writing in fiction

Sound writing is an artistic technique, which is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, the selection of words that imitate the sounds of the real world. This technique in fiction is used both in poetry and in prose.

Sound types:

1. Assonance means "consonance" in French. Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It contributes to the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm, rhyme of poems.
2. Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in an artistic text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
3. Onomatopoeia - the transmission of special words, reminiscent of the sounds of the phenomena of the surrounding world, auditory impressions.

These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.

"When trouble came upon me..."

When trouble came upon me
And I walked along the father's edge,
"Give your pain to me," said the water
Flowing down the mountain slope.

The sky said to me: "Turn to heaven,
And anxiety will melt in my heart.
"Go easy, I won't betray you!" -
The road rustled a little.

"Look at my blue snows" -
I could barely hear the mountain whispering to me.
“Lie down on the grass,” the meadows beckoned.
I lay down, and it became easier for me.

And everything became simple, and I suddenly realized -
I don't need another paradise
But only a road, a river, a meadow,
Yes, the sky of the native land.

Thinking about what we read

1. Kaisyn Kuliyev's poem about the Motherland begins with the words "When trouble came upon me ...". Why do you think a person in especially difficult, difficult situations has a heightened sense of the Motherland?

2. How does the Motherland help the hero of the poem overcome trouble?

3. What literary technique does the poet use when he says: “the road rustled softly”, “meadows beckoned”, “water said”?

4. What qualities of the native people Kaysyn Kuliyev considers permanent, passing from generation to generation?

5. Why does the poet consider himself the eternal debtor of his people?

Creative task

Why do you think, thinking about the fate of the people, the poet especially speaks about his native language? Why is the people alive while the language is alive? Prepare a detailed answer to this question.

Writing, as mentioned in this is an interesting creative process with its own characteristics, tricks and subtleties. And one of the most effective ways highlighting the text from the general mass, giving it uniqueness, unusualness and the ability to arouse genuine interest and a desire to read in full are literary writing techniques. They have been in use at all times. First, directly by poets, thinkers, writers, authors of novels, short stories and other works of art. Nowadays, they are actively used by marketers, journalists, copywriters, and indeed all those people who from time to time need to write a bright and memorable text. But with the help of literary techniques, you can not only decorate the text, but also give the reader the opportunity to more accurately feel what exactly the author wanted to convey, to look at things with.

It doesn’t matter if you are a professional writer, taking your first steps in writing, or creating a good text just appears on your list of duties from time to time, in any case, it is necessary and important to know what literary techniques a writer has. The ability to use them is a very useful skill that can be useful to everyone, not only in writing texts, but also in ordinary speech.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the most common and effective literary techniques. Each of them will be provided with a vivid example for a more accurate understanding.

Literary devices

Aphorism

• “To flatter is to tell a person exactly what he thinks of himself” (Dale Carnegie)
• "Immortality costs us our lives" (Ramon de Campoamor)
• "Optimism is the religion of revolutions" (Jean Banvill)

Irony

Irony is a mockery in which the true meaning is opposed to the real meaning. This creates the impression that the subject of the conversation is not what it seems at first glance.

• The phrase said to the loafer: “Yes, I see you are working tirelessly today”
• A phrase said about rainy weather: "The weather is whispering"
• The phrase said to a man in a business suit: "Hi, are you jogging?"

Epithet

An epithet is a word that defines an object or action and at the same time emphasizes its feature. With the help of an epithet, you can give an expression or phrase a new shade, make it more colorful and bright.

• Proud warrior, stay strong
• suit fantastic colors
• beauty girl unprecedented

Metaphor

A metaphor is an expression or word based on the comparison of one object with another on the basis of their common features, but used in a figurative sense.

• Nerves of steel
• The rain is drumming
• Eyes on the forehead climbed

Comparison

Comparison is a figurative expression that connects various objects or phenomena with the help of some common features.

• From the bright light of the sun, Eugene was blind for a minute. like mole
• My friend's voice was like creak rusty door loops
• The mare was frisky how blazing Fire campfire

allusion

An allusion is a special figure of speech that contains an indication or hint of another fact: political, mythological, historical, literary, etc.

• You are just a great schemer (a reference to the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Twelve Chairs")
• They made the same impression on these people as the Spaniards on the Indians of South America (a reference to the historical fact of the conquest of South America by the conquistadors)
• Our trip could be called "The Incredible Movements of Russians in Europe" (a reference to the film by E. Ryazanov "The Incredible Adventures of Italians in Russia")

Repeat

Repetition is a word or phrase that is repeated several times in one sentence, giving additional semantic and emotional expressiveness.

• Poor, poor little boy!
• Scary, how scared she was!
• Go, my friend, go ahead boldly! Go boldly, don't be shy!

personification

Personification is an expression or word used in a figurative sense, by means of which the properties of animate are attributed to inanimate objects.

• Snowstorm howls
• Finance sing romances
• freezing painted window patterns

Parallel designs

Parallel constructions are voluminous sentences that allow the reader to create an associative link between two or three objects.

• “The waves are splashing in the blue sea, the stars are shining in the blue sea” (A.S. Pushkin)
• “A diamond is polished by a diamond, a line is dictated by a line” (S.A. Podelkov)
• “What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land? (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Pun

A pun is a special literary device in which, in one context, different meanings the same word (phrases, phrases), similar in their sound.

• The parrot says to the parrot: "Parrot, I will parrot you"
• It was raining and my father and I
• “Gold is valued by weight, and by pranks - by a rake” (D.D. Minaev)

Contamination

Contamination is the appearance of one new word by combining two others.

• Pizza boy - pizza delivery boy (Pizza (pizza) + Boy (boy))
• Pivoner - beer lover (Beer + Pioneer)
• Batmobile - Batman's car (Batman + Car)

Streamlined Expressions

Streamlined expressions are phrases that do not express anything specific and hide the personal attitude of the author, veil the meaning or make it difficult to understand.

• We will change the world for the better
• Permissible losses
• It's neither good nor bad

Gradations

Gradations are a way of constructing sentences in such a way that homogeneous words in them increase or decrease the semantic meaning and emotional coloring.

• “Higher, faster, stronger” (J. Caesar)
• Drop, drop, rain, downpour, that's pouring like a bucket
• “He was worried, worried, went crazy” (F.M. Dostoevsky)

Antithesis

Antithesis is a figure of speech that uses a rhetorical opposition of images, states or concepts that are interconnected by a common semantic meaning.

• “Now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter” (A.S. Pushkin)
• “Who was nobody, he will become everything” (I.A. Akhmetiev)
• “Where the table was food, there is a coffin” (G.R. Derzhavin)

Oxymoron

An oxymoron is a stylistic figure that is considered a stylistic mistake - it combines incompatible (opposite in meaning) words.

• Living Dead
• Hot Ice
• Beginning of the End

So what do we see as a result? The amount of literary devices is amazing. In addition to those listed by us, one can name such as parcellation, inversion, ellipsis, epiphora, hyperbole, litote, periphrase, synecdoche, metonymy and others. And it is this diversity that allows any person to apply these techniques everywhere. As already mentioned, the “sphere” of the application of literary techniques is not only writing, but also oral speech. Supplemented with epithets, aphorisms, antitheses, gradations and other techniques, it will become much brighter and more expressive, which is very useful in mastering and developing. However, we must not forget that the abuse of literary devices can make your text or speech pompous and by no means as beautiful as you would like. Therefore, you should be restrained and careful when applying these techniques so that the presentation of information is concise and smooth.

For a more complete assimilation of the material, we recommend that you, firstly, familiarize yourself with our lesson on, and secondly, pay attention to the writing style or speech of prominent personalities. There are a huge number of examples: from ancient Greek philosophers and poets to the great writers and orators of our time.

We will be very grateful if you take the initiative and write in the comments about what other literary techniques of writers you know, but which we did not mention.

We would also like to know if reading this material was useful for you?