Medicinal herb ammi. Grass Ammi large - description, distribution, cultivation, composition, properties, application
(or Chinese cumin, Candian cumin, lat. Ammi majus), umbrella family. The name of the plant - "ammi" - comes from the Greek. ammos "sand", apparently due to the fact that it grows mainly on sandy soils. Even in ancient Egypt, patients with "white spots" were treated by letting them eat crushed ammi seeds, and then exposing their skin to solar radiation. In Europe, the medicinal properties of ammi have been known since the 13th century; Arab doctors used it to treat leukoderma.
Side effects that developed when taking extracts of this plant, such as irritation of the kidneys, limited its use. Ammi big like medicine used for colic, pain in the urinary tract, as well as for colds for inhalation. The fruits have also been used as a remedy for bloating.
Botanical description
Ammi big - herbaceous annual plant with 30-100 cm erect, furrowed, rounded, hollow, slightly leafy stem, branched in the upper part. Root taproot, weakly branched.
The leaves are alternate. The lower leaves are petiolate, pinnately or doubly pinnately dissected with lanceolate serrated segments. The upper leaves are short-petiolate or sessile, doubly or triply pinnately dissected, with pointed edges.
Ammi inflorescences are large - complex umbrellas up to 10 centimeters in diameter. The flowers are regular, small, bisexual, five-parted, white. Fruits - visloplodniki (dry two-seeded fractional fruits), laterally compressed, bare, smooth, about 2.5 mm long. Looks like cumin fruit. Ammi blooms large from the end of June-July - until September, its fruits ripen in September. The large ammi fruits have a slightly spicy smell, and the taste is sharp and bitter.
It grows most often in the countries of South-Eastern and Southern Europe, in North Africa, in the Caucasus, in the Middle and Near East, in the south of Ukraine and in the Crimea, in the Krasnodar Territory. Under natural conditions, large ammi grows on dry slopes and sands.
Procurement of medicinal raw materials
For therapeutic purposes, fruits are most often harvested, less often ammi leaves are large. A characteristic feature of large ammi is the uneven ripening of the fruits of the plant (seeds). Larger umbrellas ripen first - the central ones, which produce the largest seeds, the last - the smallest umbrellas, usually producing underdeveloped seeds. Therefore, the plant is harvested during the period of mass ripening of fruits on umbrellas of the first order and central umbrellas, which make up 50-60% of their total number on the plant (depending on the region - from late July to October). The ripening and browning of the central umbels is accompanied by a gradual yellowing of the stems and drying of the leaves. The inflorescences of the plant are cut early in the morning (during the dew), then the raw material is slightly dried, and after threshing, it is dried and cleaned of impurities. Store in dry ventilated rooms in double cloth bags. The shelf life of raw materials is 2-3 years, but with good storage, its quality is not lost within 8-10 years.
Beneficial features
The main active ingredient is an essential oil that does not contain chromones (as in), but contains furocoumarins (0.5-1%), such as xanthotoxin, bergapten, isopimpinellin and emperorin, as well as flavonoids and fatty oils. Of the furocoumarins, xanthotoxin is the most toxic, but the most interesting from a therapeutic point of view, since it has a photosensitizing effect and causes skin repigmentation (when injected or taken orally, it greatly increases skin sensitivity to ultraviolet solar radiation) with leukoderma (vitiligo) - white, discolored spots on skin. Furocoumarins absorb ultraviolet radiation, causing photodermatosis manifestations on the skin (for example, meadow dermatitis is known - the formation of erythema, burns after sunburn on those areas of the skin that have come into contact with plants containing furocoumarins, for example, when sunbathing in a meadow, lying on the grass).
Ammi galenic preparations irritate the kidneys, and ammifurin (a mixture of furocoumarins) is relatively low-toxic. Ammifurin has no significant effect on the cardiovascular system.
Application of ammi big
Ammifurin is used to treat vitiligo (leukoderma), total and patchy alopecia, lichen planus, psoriasis, and neurodermatitis from the large ammi fruits.
The preparations of this plant in combination with irradiation with ultraviolet light contribute to the formation of melanin pigment in the skin, stimulate the restoration of skin pigmentation in vitiligo. In addition, furocoumarins have a capillary-strengthening, choleretic, diuretic, weak sedative effect, and a slight tonic effect on the uterus and intestines.
Recipes
Ammi extract large can help get rid of small patches of vitiligo.
Napar from ammi fruits large used for digestive disorders and bloating (1-3 tsp per 1 glass of water, 3-4 r per day).
Ammifurin is taken 1 tablet (0.02 gr.) 1-4 p. per day (depending on the time of year and individual sensitivity) while rubbing a 0.3% ammifurin solution into the affected areas, followed by ultraviolet irradiation. Ammifurin tablets are taken after meals with milk to avoid irritation of the gastric mucosa, 2 hours before irradiation. For minor skin lesions, lubricate one hour before irradiation with a solution of ammifurin. With extensive diffuse processes, ammifurin is prescribed in a complex way: inside + lubrication and irradiation. Ammifurin treatment is carried out for 4-6 courses (21-28 procedures each) with breaks of 30-45 days. The total duration of treatment is up to 1 year. The duration of the first irradiation is 1 minute, each time the sessions are extended by another 1 minute, up to a maximum of 12 minutes. The distance to the source of ultraviolet radiation should be 100 cm. Under the influence of ammifurin, skin infiltration at plaque sites and the number of rashes in patients with psoriasis gradually decrease, and itching stops. When treated with photochemistry, pigment blotches appear in patients with vitiligo, and white spots gradually disappear. During treatment with ammifurin, it is recommended to avoid direct sunlight and wear sunglasses. Treatment with ammifurin is carried out in the same way, the remains of the hair are previously removed.
(apply externally): large ammi (1 tbsp), small duckweed (5 tbsp), tangut rhubarb (3 tbsp), table vinegar (50 gr). Insist 3 days in a dark place. Make lotions 2 p. in a day.
Medicines for vitiligo(Option 2): mix 3 tables. l. ammi large, lovage pharmacy and sweet clover. 3 table. l. collection pour 500 ml. boiling water, insist for 3 hours. Use the composition for lotions.
Medicines for vitiligo: 1 table. l. ammi fruits large 200 ml. milk. Insist 1 hour. Adults take 30 minutes after eating at a dose of 1 table. spoons up to 1/3 tbsp. 3 p. per day 2 hours before exposure.
Ammi infusion big: 7 gr. seeds per 400 ml. hot water, boil in a water bath for 15 minutes, then insist 3 hours at room temperature, drink three times a day after meals, can be applied externally.
Ammi ointment large on interior pork fat: the ointment is made from the calculation of 1 part of crushed ammi seeds large for 4 parts of fat, lubrication is carried out 1 hour before irradiation.
Treatment with large ammi preparations should be carried out exclusively under the supervision of a physician.
Contraindications and side effects
Any preparations made from the seeds of ammi large have an irritating effect on the kidneys and are contraindicated in pyelonephritis, pyelitis, glomerulonephritis, and liver diseases. Contraindications are also diabetes mellitus, thyrotoxicosis, diseases of the blood, cardiovascular and central nervous system, tuberculosis of the skin and lungs, benign and malignant tumors, lactation, pregnancy, childhood up to 7 years, individual hypersensitivity (allergy).
When conducting a course of treatment with large ammi preparations, dizziness, nausea, and discomfort in the abdomen may occur. Side effects disappear after discontinuation of the drug. When taking drugs in combination with radiation, bullous dermatitis may develop. In this case, treatment should be stopped until the side effects disappear completely.
Ammi Majus
Taxon: Umbrella family (Apiaceae)
Folk names: chinese cumin
English: Bishop's Weed
Description:
Annual or biennial herbaceous plant with a bare, straight, rounded furrowed branched stem up to 50 cm in height. The leaves are double-thrice-pinnate with wide lanceolate lobes, inflorescences are complex umbrellas on long peduncles, up to 10 cm in diameter. The flowers are small, the petals are white. Fruit - visloplodnik, laterally compressed, naked, smooth. Blooms from late June-July to September. The fruits ripen in September.
Spreading:
Rarely found in the wild, only on the southern coast of Crimea. For industrial purposes, it is cultivated in the southern regions.
Chemical composition:
The fruits contain furocoumarins (up to 2.2%), isopyininellin, xaitotoxin, bergaptsp. The toxicity of ammifurin contained in the plant is relatively low.
Pharmacological properties:
Ammi preparations stimulate the formation of melanin pigment in the skin when irradiated with ultraviolet light. When administered together with ultraviolet irradiation, they help restore skin pigmentation when. Furocoumarins, in addition, have a capillary-strengthening, some sedative, choleretic, diuretic effect, slightly tone the uterus and intestines. Galenic forms from the plant irritate the kidneys, and a mixture of furocoumarins (ammifurin) is relatively low-toxic. Ammifurin does not have a noticeable effect on the cardiovascular system, it slightly tones the uterus and intestines.
Application in medicine:
Ammifurin is used for vitiligo, alopecia areata and total alopecia, psoriasis, neurodermatitis, lichen planus.
Medications:
Attempts to treat with galenical preparations from ammi large were made in Czechoslovakia in the dermatovenereological clinic: an alcohol extract was prepared from ammi seeds in the form of a tincture, mixed with an emulsion and used as an external remedy for the treatment of patients with vitiligo. The results of treatment were found to be satisfactory. Complications with external use were not observed. In the 60s, ammifurin was obtained from ammi large in VILR. Ammifurin (Ammifurinum) contains a mixture of three furocoumarins - bergapten, isopimpinellin and xanthotoxin. Yellow crystalline powder with a bitter taste. Available in tablets of 0.02 g and in the form of a 0.3% solution in 50 ml vials. Apply 1-2 tablets 3 times a day with simultaneous rubbing into the affected areas of a 0.3% solution and subsequent ultraviolet irradiation. Tablets are taken after meals and washed down with milk to avoid stomach irritation. With limited skin lesions, rashes are lubricated with a solution of ammifurin, followed by irradiation, with extensive diffuse processes, ammifurin is administered orally, lubricated and irradiated. The therapy includes 3-5 courses (21-28 procedures each), the total duration of treatment is up to a year. Tablets are taken orally 2 hours before irradiation, lubrication is performed 1 hour before irradiation. The first irradiation should last 1 minute, and then the session is extended each time by 1 minute, up to a maximum of 12 minutes. The distance from the source of ultraviolet radiation is 100 cm. The course of treatment requires 100 rubbings with the same number of irradiation sessions and the corresponding number of tablets. Under the influence of ammifurin in patients with psoriasis, itching stops, the number of rashes and the degree of skin infiltration in the places of plaques gradually decrease. Patients with vitiligo in the process of treatment by photochemistry appear blotches of pigment, white spots disappear. During treatment with ammifurin, it is recommended to wear sunglasses and avoid direct sunlight. Sometimes when taking ammifurin, nausea is noted, headache, dizziness, palpitations, disappearing after discontinuation of the drug.
Contraindications:
Contraindications to the use of ammifurin and ultraviolet therapy are the following diseases: skin tuberculosis, hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, blood diseases, diseases of the kidneys and liver, central nervous system, diabetes mellitus, multiple pigmented nevi, benign and malignant tumors, pregnancy and lactation .
From the history:
Even in ancient Egypt, patients with "white spots" ingested crushed ammi seeds and then exposed the skin to solar radiation. ABOUT medicinal properties Ammi big was known as early as the 13th century. Arab doctors used it to treat leukoderma. The side effects observed at the same time, in particular, irritation of the kidneys that developed when taking plant extracts, limited its use.
Photos and illustrations:
Syn.: Visnaga carrot-shaped
A biennial herbaceous plant of the Umbelliferae family, it is widely used in medicine and the national economy, in particular, as a valuable honey plant.
Ask the experts
In medicine
Visnaga medicines are used for angina pectoris, bronchial asthma, whooping cough, spasms of the intestines, stomach, ureters, as well as renal colic and nephrolithiasis. From ammi tooth are made:
Complex preparation "Avisan" containing up to 8 chromones, as well as furocoumarins and flavones. The drug is used in the treatment of patients prone to spasms of the smooth muscles of the ureters, with urolithiasis, renal colic, and also as an antispasmodic during ureteral catheterization. Simultaneously with taking the drug in the treatment of urolithiasis, it is necessary to drink up to 2 liters of water or tea for 2-3 hours.
"Kellin"- crystalline powder, white or slightly yellowish, odorless, with a pronounced bitter taste, used in particular in the treatment of angina pectoris. Kellin is almost insoluble in water and also very slightly soluble in alcohol. Dose for adults: 0.02 g (sometimes 0.04 g) taken 3-4 times a day. The therapeutic effect of the drug appears most often 5-7 days after the start of treatment. According to the indications, the course of treatment with Kellin, lasting 2-3 weeks, can be repeated. The drug is also used in the form of candles. Kellin is also included in the tablets "Kellathrin", "Vikalin", "Keliverin".
Contraindications
Preparations derived from ammi are generally of low toxicity. In some cases, side effects are possible: dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, dizziness, drowsiness, rash. They are contraindicated in advanced circulatory failure.
In the national economy
Ammi tooth has established itself as an excellent honey plant. Due to the long flowering from June to August, as well as the abundant nectar production and the high density of plants in the fields (840,000 plants per hectare), dentifrice produces a lot of honey. One plant, on average, bears about 4000 flowers, each of which lives for about a week and releases nectar for 3-4 days. In addition, dental ammi has a very useful feature - it produces a large amount of nectar in dry weather, in general, its honey productivity reaches up to 1860 kg / ha. Ammi tooth honey is transparent and fragrant, has a reddish tint.
Classification
Ammi tooth or visnaga (lat. Ammi visnaga) is a biennial, annual, herbaceous plant in the culture of the Ammi genus (Ammi) of the Umbrella family (Apiaceae). More than four hundred genera and about three and a half thousand species are known in the Umbelliferae family, distributed throughout the world, but mainly in the temperate climate of Europe, Asia and North America.
Botanical description
Visnaga is a herbaceous plant with a branched stem, up to 100 cm high. The leaves of Visnaga are twice or thrice pinnately divided into thin linear or linear-filamentous lobules. Ammi's inflorescence is a complex umbrella, 6-10 cm in diameter with numerous (up to 100) bare rays, unequal in length. Small flowers have bad smell. The corolla is five-petaled, the petals are white, 1-1.3 mm long, narrowed into a short nail, the marginal petals are slightly enlarged. In inflorescences, numerous bristle-shaped, sharp, entire involucres with pinnately dissected leaves are noted. The five teeth of the calyx are very small, the stamens are five and they alternate with the petals. The pistil has a lower bilocular ovary with two styles and capitate stigmas. Slightly wavy along the edge of the undercolumn - short conical. The fruit is a naked, oblong, smooth two-seeded seedling 2-2.5 mm long, splitting into two semi-fruits. Ammi tooth blooms in June-August, bears fruit in August-September.
Spreading
Homeland ammi tooth - the Mediterranean. The range of this species covers North Africa, the Near and Middle East, South and Southeast Europe. In the wild, it is also found in the Caucasus, mainly in Azerbaijan.
For growth, ammi prefers alkaline steppes, dry slopes, and also as a weed plant is found in crops. Occasionally, in small saline depressions, almost pure thickets can be found.
Distribution regions on the map of Russia.
Procurement of raw materials
For medical purposes, the fruits are harvested, separately or together with the sex (garbage resulting from the threshing of economic plants), they are collected during their mass browning or folding of umbrellas. The chaff contains parts of the stalks, rays of umbrellas and crushed leaves and stems. According to the technology, the fruits should make up at least half of the raw materials. Their shelf life is up to 3 years.
Chemical composition
The fruits of the plant, as well as the rest of its parts, contain about 20% fatty oil, 0.2% essential oil and furanochromone derivatives. The main ones are kellin and visnagin. In addition, the plant contains pyrocoumarins visnadin and dihydrosamidin, as well as flavonoids. The level of quality of the obtained raw materials, as well as the effect of the ammi tooth extract, is associated with kellin, the content of which in the fruits is 0.4-0.45%, in the roots - about 0.07%, in the stems - 0.09-0.11%, leaves - 0.98-1.2%, rays of umbrellas - 0.2 -1.01%.
The chemical composition of ammi tooth often varies and is associated with the place of growth: for example, the fruits of a plant from Egypt contain kellin, visnagin and kelol-glucoside, the fruits of a plant of American origin do not contain kelol-glucoside, and visnagin was not noted in fruits collected in Ukraine.
Therapeutic action
Preparations derived from ammi dental have a pronounced antispasmodic effect: they reduce the tone of the walls of blood vessels, urinary and gall bladders, intestines, and also expand the bronchi and coronary vessels of the heart. In addition, such drugs have a weak sedative effect.
During course treatment with Kellin in patients with frequent attacks of angina pectoris, remission is observed and the attacks either soften or completely disappear. Kellin is not a means of emergency care for patients, since, unlike nitroglycerin, it does not stop angina attacks. But in chronic coronary insufficiency, the therapeutic effect of Kellin appears slowly, but compared to nitroglycerin, its effect is longer. The experiment showed that Kellin stimulates the expansion of the coronary vessels, increases blood flow by two to three times and does not change blood pressure. When using Kellin, the smooth muscles of the bronchi, ureter, intestines, biliary tract and uterus are relaxed; it has a calming effect on the central nervous system.
History reference
In ancient Egypt, ammi toothpaste was used for various convulsions and spasms. As a diuretic in Central Europe, it was already known in the Middle Ages. Medicinal plants described in medieval herbalists are mainly used in our time, but they have forgotten about the ammi toothbrush for centuries. For the first time after a long oblivion, the plant was again paid attention in Europe and America after 1930. At that time, Egyptian doctors found that it has a diuretic and antispastic effect. As it turned out, it helps to remove small stones from the bladder and kidneys, which was successfully tested in the clinic of Professor Sauerbruch in Berlin.
Application in traditional medicine
In practice traditional medicine tinctures, teas and decoctions are made from ammi toothpaste, which are successfully used in the fight against diseases of the digestive system, hypertension and asthma.
Ammi toothpaste tincture: pour 200 ml of 40-50% alcohol 1 tablespoon of crushed fruits, then leave for 14 days, squeeze and strain. Take 1 teaspoon 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals for urolithiasis, renal colic and spasms of the ureters.
Tincture of ammi tooth for poisoning: 2 tablespoons of crushed seeds and leaves of ammi tooth are placed in 1 liter of vodka, after which they are allowed to infuse for 2-3 weeks, after which the tincture is filtered and left at room temperature. It is excellent for mild poisoning. This tincture has both a bitter and sugary taste, and to improve its palatability, it is recommended to add orange zest.
Ammi tincture to lower blood pressure.A variant of tincture from ammi toothpaste with the addition of walnuts and honey: two tablespoons of ammi toothpaste, 400 g of walnuts and a couple of drops of citric acid are poured into one liter of vodka and allowed to brew for two days. During use, you can add a spoonful of honey. This remedy is recommended as a prevention of hypertension.
A decoction of ammi toothpaste for the treatment of gastritis: 400 ml of boiling water is added to 200 g of ammy seed powder, allowed to infuse for two days, then filtered and poured into another vessel. You need to take the remedy 1-2 hours before a meal, it reduces the acidity of the stomach and promotes the production of gastric juice.
A warning: With excessive use of tinctures and decoctions, nausea and vomiting are possible.
Literature
1. Bulgakov I.A. Ammi tooth - honey plant culture. // Beekeeping. 1971.-No. 12. S. 28-29.
2. Maznev N. I. Encyclopedia of medicinal plants. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M.: Martin, 2004. - S. 73-74. -496 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-8475-0213-3.
3. Muravyova D. A. Tropical and subtropical medicinal plants. - M.: Medicine, 1983. - 336 p.
4. Muravyova D. A. Pharmacognosy. - M.: Medicine, 1978. - 656 p. - 10,000 copies. -
5. Flora of the USSR. In 30 volumes / Started under the leadership and under the chief editorship of Acad. V. L. Komarova; Ed. Volumes B. K. Shishkin. - M.-L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. - T. XVI. - S. 381-382. - 648 p. - 3500 copies.
Annual or biennial umbrella flowers, outwardly very similar to dill, are more often grown in culture as annuals. This Mediterranean plant is cultivated in most of Europe, the Near and Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, Azerbaijan. The most famous species are large ammi and tooth ammi. Ammi possesses medicinal properties. For medicinal purposes, fruits are harvested that ripen in August - September. Ammi is a good honey plant, which is specially sown near bee hives.
Ammi big (Chinese cumin)- an annual or biennial plant up to 50 cm high. It blooms from late June to September. Umbrellas in diameter reach up to 10 cm. The color of the flowers is white. Harvest is in September. In nature, a large ammi can be found on sandy dry slopes.
Ammi tooth (Visnaga)- a biennial plant, but grown in gardens as an annual up to 1 m high. It blooms in June - August. The flowers smell bad. The fruits ripen in August - September. medicinal plant. Flower color: white.
For decorative purposes, ammi is often used as an addition to bouquets. The plant looks beautiful not only during the flowering period, but also during the seed ripening period.
Growing ammi. The plant needs the most sunny location and regular plentiful watering. It grows well on sandy soils, but it is undemanding to the type of soil.
Height: 50 - 100 cm.
Location: sunny.
Flowering: July - September.
Flower color: white.
Propagation: by stratified seeds in spring or by sowing ordinary seeds in the ground in late autumn. Can be sown in early spring on seedlings, then the plant will bloom earlier.
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Description: Ammi big (Ammi majus)
Ammi large is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant with a branched hollow stem up to 150 cm high. The leaves are pinnate with wide lanceolate lobes. The flowers are small, white, collected in complex umbellate inflorescences with a diameter of about 10 cm. The fruits ripen in September.Distribution: Ammi large (Ammi majus)
In the wild, ammi is common in North Africa and on the Mediterranean coast of Asia and Europe. In the southern regions of Russia, it is cultivated on specialized plantations as a medicinal plant.Cultivation: Ammi big (Ammi majus)
In a culture, Ammi grows well on any soil in the sun or in partial shade, except for low-lying, swampy areas, since the plant often dies when water stagnates. Propagated by sowing seeds in April-May in open ground or for seedlings. Ammi large is a heat-loving plant and a fairly long and warm summer is needed for the seeds to ripen.Part Used: Ammi large (Ammi majus)
Fruit. The fruits of ammi large contain furocoumarins from the psoralen group (isopimpinellin, bergapten, xanthotoxin, isoimperatorin, marmesin, marmesinin) and from the angelicin group (isobergapten). The grass contains the same compounds as the fruits, but in smaller quantities.Preparation: Ammi big (Ammi majus)
The fruits ripen in August - September. The fruits are harvested, dried under a canopy on the street, spreading them in a thin layer (3-5 cm) on a tarpaulin and periodically turning over. Store in dry, well-ventilated areas. Shelf life - up to 4 years.Application in medicine. Phytocoumarins of the plant increase the sensitivity of the skin to the action of light and stimulate the formation of melanin pigment in it under the influence of ultraviolet irradiation. This property of ammi was known in antiquity, but herbal preparations (extracts, infusions and tinctures) of the plant, when taken orally, irritate the kidneys and this limited their use. In the 60s. 20th century a relatively low-toxic preparation "Ammifurin" was obtained, which is a mixture of 3 phytocoumarins ammi large. Ammifurin is used to treat vitiligo, psoriasis, neurodermatitis, alopecia areata and total alopecia, combining it with strictly dosed ultraviolet irradiation. Studies have been conducted on the external use of ammi tincture large for the treatment of vitiligo. The tincture was used mixed with the emulsion, and side effects however, it did not occur.
Pharmacy name: Ammi big
big ammi fruit
Part Used: Ammi big
Ripe fruits
Harvest time: Ammi big
September
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