We don't often think about how the words we use came into being and how their meanings may have changed over time. Meanwhile, words are quite living beings. New words appear literally every day. Some do not linger in the language, while others remain. Words, like people, have their own history, their own destiny. They can have relatives, a rich pedigree, and, on the contrary, be complete orphans. The Word can tell us about one's nationality, about one's parents, about one's origin. The study of the history of vocabulary and the origin of words is an interesting science - etymology.

Railway station

The word comes from the name of the place "Vauxhall" - a small park and entertainment center near London. The Russian Tsar, who visited this place, fell in love with it - in particular, the railway. Subsequently, he commissioned British engineers to build a small railway from St. Petersburg to his country residence. One of the stations on this section of the railway was called "Vokzal", and this name later became the Russian word for any railway station.

Hooligan

The word bully is of English origin. According to one version, the surname Houlihan was once worn by a famous London brawler, who caused a lot of trouble for the residents of the city and the police. The surname has become a household name, and the word is international, characterizing a person who grossly violates public order.

Orange

Until the 16th century, Europeans had no idea about oranges at all. Russians, even more so. We don't grow oranges! And then the Portuguese navigators brought these delicious orange balls from China. And they began to trade with their neighbors. In Dutch, "apple" is appel, and "Chinese" is sien. Borrowed from the Dutch language, the word appelsien is a translation of the French phrase Pomme de Chine - "an apple from China."

Doctor

It is known that in the old days they were treated with various conspiracies and spells. An ancient healer would say something like this to a sick person: “Go away, sickness, to the quicksands, to the dense forests ...” And he muttered over the sick different words. The word doctor is originally Slavic and is derived from the word “vrati”, which means “to speak”, “to speak”. Interestingly, from the same word comes “lie”, which for our ancestors also meant “to speak”. It turns out that in ancient times doctors lied? Yes, but this word initially did not contain a negative meaning.

Scammer

Ancient Russia did not know the Turkic word "pocket", because money was then carried in special wallets - purses. From the word "sack" and produced "swindler" - a specialist in thefts from scrotums.

Restaurant

The word "restaurant" means "strengthening" in French. This name was given in the 18th century to one of the Parisian taverns by its visitors after the owner of the Boulanger establishment introduced nutritious meat broth to the number of dishes on offer.

Shit

The word "shit" comes from the Proto-Slavic "govno", which means "cow" and was originally associated only with cow "cakes". "Beef" - "cattle", hence "beef", "beef". By the way, from the same Indo-European root and English name cows - cow, as well as the shepherd of these cows - cowboy. That is, the expression "fucking cowboy" is not accidental, it has a deep family connection.

Heaven

One version is that Russian word"heaven" comes from "no, no" and "demon, demons" - literally a place free from evil/demons. However, another interpretation is probably closer to the truth. Most Slavic languages there are words similar to "sky", and they probably originated from the Latin word for "cloud" (nebula).

Slates

In the Soviet Union, a well-known manufacturer of rubber slippers was the Polymer plant in the city of Slantsy. Leningrad region. Many buyers believed that the word “Slates” squeezed out on the soles was the name of the shoe. Further, the word entered the active vocabulary and became a synonym for the word "slippers".

nonsense

In the late 17th century, the French physician Gali Mathieu treated his patients with jokes.
He gained such popularity that he did not keep up with all the visits and sent his healing puns by mail.
This is how the word “nonsense” arose, which at that time meant a healing joke, a pun.
The doctor immortalized his name, but at present this concept has a completely different meaning.

Details Category: "The great, mighty and truthful Russian language" Posted on 03/29/2016 14:53 Views: 5278

Etymology is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words or parts of words (affixes).

Etymology is also any hypothesis about the origin of a particular specific word(less often - another language unit, for example, prefixes).
The subject of etymology is the study of sources and the process of forming the vocabulary of a language. The words of the language change over time according to certain historical patterns, which obscures the original form of the word. The etymologist, relying on the material of related languages, must establish this form and explain how the word took on a modern form.

What methods are used to determine the origin of a word?

Etymology uses complex research methods. The word (or root), the etymology of which needs to be established, correlates with related words (or roots), a common generating root is revealed, as a result of the removal of layers of later historical changes, the original form and its meaning are established.
The term "etymology" comes from the ancient Greek ἔτυμον "truth, the basic meaning of the word" and the ancient Greek λόγος "word, doctrine, judgment".
Etymology is a very fascinating science, because. allows you to dive into the depths of the history of the language in order to “pull out” from these depths the history of the origin of a particular word. This is a real journey into the history of words. After all, words, like people, have their own history and their own destiny. They may have relatives and a rich pedigree. And they can be orphans. A word can tell a lot about yourself: about your nationality, about your parents, about your origin. This is the science of etymology.
Words in any language can be native, borrowed, formed naturally or artificially, etc. But now we are talking specifically about the Russian language, so we will limit ourselves to talking about the etymology of the Russian language.
So, the words of the Russian language, in accordance with their origin, are divided into the following groups:
1) native Russian words (inherited from the ancestor language);
2) words formed with the help of word-building means of the Russian language;
3) words borrowed from other languages;
4) words resulting from various "linguistic errors".
Words that are native in a given language could belong to any of the above groups in the ancestor language. For any word that is a derivative in a given language, one can indicate from which word and with the help of what word-building means it is formed.
For example, the word "tomorrow". This is a common Slavic word. Union for the morning with a change in unstressed "y" to "in" (cf. dialect hit <ударить>). Literally means "time following next morning".
Of course, any assumption about the origin of the word must be justified. For example, if it is assumed that a word is produced with the help of some affix, it is necessary to confirm with examples that such an affix exists (or existed) in a given language and can (or could) form words with such a meaning. That is, during etymological analysis, one cannot go into conjectures or fantasies and build one's own logical chains of reasoning only on the basis of personal beliefs.

How to prove the borrowed origin of a word?

To prove this, a number of conditions must be met.
First, we need to find evidence that the language from which the given word came was in contact (or could be in contact) with the Russian language.
Secondly, the words under consideration must have a semantic similarity: at least in some usages, the word of the source language must have the meaning in which it was borrowed into the language under study.
Thirdly, the words under consideration must have constant phonetic correspondences, because the sounds of the "foreign" language are regularly reflected in the borrowing language.
Fourthly, the presumably borrowed word should not violate the rules of grammatical adaptation of borrowings accepted in the language.
But this, of course, general rules. And as you know, there are exceptions to every rule.

Difficulties in etymology

It is difficult to determine borrowings from an extinct non-written language, because in this case, the borrowing source is not available.
Borrowings can penetrate from language to language not only through oral speech, but also from books. For book borrowings, in general, they are closer to the original than for oral ones, but they can also contain errors, including very serious ones: for example, the French word zénith "zenith" (which also got into Russian) is borrowed from Arabic zemth: m in the manuscript was taken as ni.
It is very difficult for etymologists to deal with the author's neologisms - words created artificially. For example, a well-known word coined by F. Dostoevsky is to fade away. If there is no exact data about who and when a certain word was coined, then it is impossible to prove its origin.
Difficulties arise with tracing papers (from the French calque “copy”) - borrowing foreign words, expressions, phrases with a literal translation. For example, the Russian word "insect" is a tracing-paper from the Latin insectum (in - "on" + sectum - "insect").
But we have so far talked about the very science of etymology. And we are probably more interested in etymological results, i.e. the history of individual words or morphemes. How to find out about the origin of a word?

To do this, we must open the etymological dictionary.

Etymological dictionaries

The etymological dictionary contains information about the history of individual words (sometimes morphemes), about all the changes that they have undergone. Information about the etymology of words may also be contained in some large explanatory dictionaries.

But we already know that the origin of many words cannot be unambiguously interpreted, therefore etymological dictionaries give different points of view and contain references to the relevant literature.
In Russia, the first attempts to create an etymological dictionary date back to the 19th century. Their authors were researchers of the history of words K. F. Reiff, F. S. Shimkevich, M. M. Izyumov, N. V. Goryaev and A. N. Chudinov.
Famous modern etymological dictionaries of the Russian language:

Fasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 vols. / Per. with him. O. N. Trubacheva. - M.: Progress, 1964-1973.
Etymological dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. N. M. Shansky (1963-1999), A. F. Zhuravlev (since 1999), Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. - M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1963-2007.
Chernykh P. Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language. In 2 volumes - M .: Russian language, 1993.

But there is also a folk etymology. Let's talk about her.

Folk etymology

This, of course, is a false etymology, unscientific. It is associated with lexical association and arises under the influence of vernacular.
This etymology cannot be used for scientific purposes, but in itself it is very interesting, because. allows you to follow the course of people's associations, to see their ability to analyze and ironize.
There are several directions in folk etymology.
1) A borrowed or native word is distorted and rethought according to the model of a well-known and close-sounding word: semi-clinic (instead of polyclinic), gulvar (instead of boulevard), etc. Here N. Leskov immediately comes to mind with his story “Lefty”: “melkoskop” (instead of “microscope”), “studing” (instead of “pudding”), “slander” (instead of “feuilleton”), etc.
2) Sometimes the origin of a word is explained on the basis of only external consonance, but this does not correspond to the actual etymology. For example, the word “pillow” is explained by the fact that it is placed under the ear, but the scientific etymology is completely different: with the root “spirit” (i.e., something “inflated”).
The beautiful phrase "crimson ringing" is known. So they say about the pleasant ringing of bells. But the meaning of this phrase is not at all connected with the word "raspberry" or "crimson color". Scientific etymology gives us the opportunity to find out that this phrase comes from the name of the Belgian city of Malin (now it is the city of Mechelen), where the ancient cathedral is located, which has a special school of ringers, i.e. the expression "raspberry ringing" means the play of "raspberry" musicians on the bells.
This type of folk etymology is especially widespread in explaining the origin of toponyms. “The people always have a feeling that the name cannot be given just like that, that it is given in connection with some unusual, important event,” says G.P. Smolitskaya, a Russian linguist and toponymist. For example, folk etymology explains the name Ryazan with the word "cut", because. there was a brutal massacre during the raids of nomads.

Some interesting etymology

Scammer. So in Russia they were not called deceivers or thieves. This was the name of the craftsmen who made the moshna, i.e. wallets.
Slates. In the USSR, the most famous manufacturer of these shoes (rubber slippers) was the Polymer plant in the city of Slantsy. The word "Slates" was embossed on the soles of these slippers. Many took this word for the name of the shoe. The word entered the active vocabulary and became synonymous with the word "flip-flops".

Toponymic legends

Toponymic legends are spread all over the world and concern those geographical objects, the exact time, date of foundation and toponym of which are either not fully understood, or explained already in the era of the development of toponymic and historical science. Toponymic legends cannot be considered as reliable information about the origin of a particular name.
The most frequent character in the creation of toponymic legends is Peter I. Here are two of them.

Folk etymology ascribes to Peter I the appearance of the name of the village of Divnogorye in the Voronezh region. Driving through this area, he exclaimed: “What marvelous mountains!”
The city of Boguchar in the Voronezh region is also named in connection with the stay of Peter I there. The Tsar sailed on his ships along the Don River, stopped at some settlement to replenish food supplies. Here he and his entourage arranged a small feast. During this feast, they wanted to poison Peter and served a glass of wine with poison. But Peter, knowing this, raised the cup with the words: “And I give this cup to God!” and threw it into the river. Therefore, people called the tributary of the Don, on the banks of which this settlement was located, Bogucharka, and this village itself Boguchar.

Zakharov Vladimir

The Russian language is the soul of Russia, its sacred place. Our destiny is in the words we speak. That is why it is necessary to focus on the historical processes taking place in it; based on the similarity of the Old Slavonic and Russian languages, to use the material of historical grammar to illustrate linguistic phenomena. Enrichment spiritual world students are facilitated both by a comprehensive analysis of the text, which includes the key concepts of Orthodox culture: home, temple, family, duty, honor, love, humility, beauty, and work on the etymology of a single word.

Download:

Preview:

Fascinating etymology or secrets of Russian words

Student's work

GBPOU RO PU №36 Zakharova Vladimir

Our orthography, being almost consistently etymological, gives it the richest nourishment. She makes you decompose words into their constituent parts, look for related forms for them Sherba L.V.

Introduction

The Russian language is the soul of Russia, its sacred place. Our destiny is in the words we speak. That is why it is necessary to focus on the historical processes taking place in it; based on the similarity of the Old Slavonic and Russian languages, to use the material of historical grammar to illustrate linguistic phenomena. The enrichment of the spiritual world of students is facilitated by both a comprehensive analysis of the text, which includes the key concepts of Orthodox culture: home, temple, family, duty, honor, love, humility, beauty, and work on the etymology of a single word.

1. Science etymology

Etymology - (Greek ἐ τ ῠ μολογ ί α "the true meaning of the word")

The subject of etymology as a section of linguistics is the study of sources and the process of forming the vocabulary of a language andreconstruction vocabulary of the language ancient period(usually pre-written).

Semantics as a branch of linguistics answers the question of how a person, knowing the words and grammatical rules of a natural language, is able to convey with their help a wide variety of information about the world (including his own inner world), even if he first encounters with such a task, and to understand what information about the world is contained in any statement addressed to him, even if he hears it for the first time.

IN vocabulary each language has a significant fund of words, the relationship of which form with the meaning is incomprehensible to native speakers, since the structure of the word cannot be explained on the basis of the models of word formation that operate in the language. Historical changes in words obscure the primary form and meaning of the word, andiconic the nature of the word determines the complexity of the reconstruction of primary motivation, i.e. connection of the primary form and meaning of the word. The purpose of the etymological analysis of the word is to determine when, in what language, according to whatderivational models, on the basis of what linguistic material, in what form and with what meaning the word arose, as well as what historical changes in its primary form and meaning determined the form and meaning known to the researcher.

Semantics emerged as an independent linguistic discipline relatively recently, at the end of the 19th century; the term "semantics" itself to designate a branch of science was first introduced in 1883 by the French linguist M. Breal, who was interested in the historical development of linguistic meanings. Until the end of the 1950s, along with it, the term "semasiology" was also widely used, now preserved only as a not very common name for one of the sections of semantics. However, questions related to the conduct of semantics were raised and, one way or another, resolved already in the oldest linguistic traditions known to us. After all, one of the main reasons forcing us to pay attention to the language is a misunderstanding of what the oral or written statement (text) addressed to us, or some part of it, means. Therefore, in the study of language, the interpretation of individual signs or entire texts - one of the most important activities in the field of semantics - has long occupied an important place. So, in China, in ancient times, dictionaries were created that contained interpretations of hieroglyphs. In Europe, ancient and medieval philologists compiled glosses, i.e. interpretation of incomprehensible words in written monuments. A truly rapid development of linguistic semantics began in the 1960s; at present, it is one of the most important sections of the science of language.

In the European scientific tradition, the question of the relationship between words and "things", the objects to which they belonged, was first raised by ancient Greek philosophers, but to this day various aspects of this relationship continue to be clarified. Consider the relation of the word to the "thing" more closely..

2. Origin of words

Asphalt. I wonder what this Greek word meant when there were no paved sidewalks and highways. Let's open the Greek dictionary. First syllable but - denial. Noun sfalma - fall, misfortune, failure. So the basic meaning is bad. The prefix but turns this word into its opposite, giving it a good quality. Asfaleya means: confidence, reliability, security. It is with this word asphaltos was named in Ancient Greece resin coniferous plants. The name comes from the resin asphalt - tarred road.

Birch. From the word white in ancient times there were the words "birch", "linen", "squirrel". Birch - a tree with white bark; white squirrel - a kind of squirrel of a very rare and expensive breed was named after the color of the fur; "linen from white" according to the type "junk from old" originally meant unpainted white linen, then linen from this linen, then linen in general.

Nonsense. When the first shipbuilders arrived in Russia under Peter I, they spoke mainly German, accompanying their words with increased gestures, they explained the arrangement of masts, their installation, purpose, while saying hier und da, which in German means here and there . In Russian pronunciation and awareness, this turned into nonsense , which denotes something obscure and unnecessary.

Shabby dress.Weekday, home, everyday. a meal in the last century, cheap fabric was called - by the name of Zatrapeznov, at whose factory it was produced.

Clumsy . Some Russian writers can find the word clumsy

Okay, foldable: “Good, clumsy words come by themselves” (A. Kuprin). Writers use it from folk dialects. It comes from an ancient word key - order, beauty.

Hence the clumsy and clumsy - beautiful, stately; clumsy - clumsy, awkward.

It is forbidden. What is not - it is clear, it is important to establish what is lzya . It once sounded lz and was the dative case of a noun lie - freedom. Traces of the existence of the word lie we see in our modern benefit, benefit ; it is no longer found separately.

Education. It is believed that this word is a tracing paper of the German - a picture, an image, and the whole word means enlightenment. Word education can be found in church Russian books already in the 17th century, and German influences could hardly penetrate into them. Most likely, a direct connection with Old Church Slavoniccreate - createcompose, from the Slavicimage is likeness.

Forgive. The etymology of this word may seem surprising. Old Russian simple, corresponding to our simple, meant straight, unbent. Sorry therefore, it was important to straighten up, and then to allow the guilty one, who was bent in an apology bow, to straighten up. The exclamation "Forgive me!" therefore meant: "Let me raise my guilty head, get up from my knees ...". To forgive means to set free, to make free.

Rainbow. The word rainbow recorded in the dictionaries of the Russian language only since the 18th century. This word is East Slavic in origin, formed from the adjective glad meaning cheerful. First the word rainbow referred to something cheerful, and later - to a brilliant, sparkling. Word meaning connection Rainbow with the meaning cheerful is also confirmed by the fact that in some regional dialects rainbow called veselka, veselukha.

River. One of the most archaic, ancient words of our language. It is related to the ancient Indian rayas - a stream, current, with the Celtic renos - a river, from which the geographical name Rhine arose. Probably in the mists of time river meant - a stormy stream, rapids.

Child. Such a good, sweet word, but in origin it is associated with disgusting slave . In Old Russian shy meant little slave, child of a slave. But a slave, or rob, then meant an orphan. Gradually, the baby got a meaning - just a child, and it turned into a child under the influence of assimilation.

Day. once existed days - collision. That is exactly how the meeting of day and night, their totality, and this word was originally understood.

Drawing. This word refers to the number of native Russians. It is an old derivative of the verb draw, which in the Proto-Slavic language had the meaning of cutting, chopping something. That is, originally drawing - this is cutting, cutting, notching, as well as a forest clearing.

In the sense familiar to us: "the image of any objects on paper, a plan of something" the word drawing used in Russian for a long time. At least since the 16th century.

Conclusion

Etymological analysis allows you to instill interest in the Russian language, through entertaining exercises, the development of language flair, broadening your horizons, and vocabulary. Mechanical memorization of words, text without understanding and comprehension is the most difficult and uninteresting form of obtaining knowledge.

The formation of coherent speech begins with work on the word, etymological analysis has an impact on spelling literacy.

Over time, everything secret becomes clear, and the origin of Russian words gradually becomes available not only to the priesthood, but to all those who begin to be interested in their history. The depth and simplicity of the meaning of Russian words are amazing. We have become accustomed to our words as something ordinary, natural, and have completely ceased to notice the true meaning inherent in them.

Or maybe it’s not hidden at all, it lies on the surface, it’s just as if there is dust on our consciousness, we don’t see the obvious, and when something suddenly blows this dust off our consciousness, then such amazing things are revealed as recently the meaning of the word was revealed to me. Dinosaur».

This is how various dictionaries interpret this word " Extinct reptile of the Mesozoic era, reaching enormous sizes". Or Ushakov's dictionary makes an attempt to understand where this word comes from. This is what they offer to believe - (from the Greek. den- for a long time and saura- lizard (paleon.)). Extinct reptile of enormous size.

Compare with what came to my mind and tell me which version is more plausible?
Dinosaur- marvelously zavr - marvelous beast! And somehow there was no Latin alphabet. Why am I sure that my version is correct, because traces of a man and a dinosaur have long been found in the same archaeological layer, this suggests that our ancestors saw dinosaurs and lived side by side with them. Accordingly, they could well call it that.

Read the origin of Russian words and be surprised

Word	Meaning
Rich	- the one in whom there is a lot of God. It used to always surprise me that those who have a lot of money are called "rich" from the word "God." But there is undoubtedly a connection between God and wealth, in the modern sense. Those in whom there is a lot of God, those who live according to his laws - they really do not need anything. Do not confuse only with those people who go to church. Going to church and living according to the laws of God are, as they say in Odessa, two big differences”;
Poor	- the one in whom there is little God, that trouble awaits, which means he is poor;
Bogatyr	- everyone who listens to Mikhail Zadornov remembers that a hero is one who steals God. “To dig” only today carries a negative meaning, earlier its meaning was “to carry”.

From here come the words psalter - carries the psalms, the monastery - a place where the monks serve.

The prefix "so" generally plays a huge role in the word formation of Russian words. So is the designation of something together, so it was born

The sun god Ra and the Slavs

With a word "Ar"We figured it out back in, this is the earth, but there is no less magical syllable - the word" Ra". From school years we were told that in Egypt there was such a god of the sun Ra.

It turns out that not only in Egypt. In scientific circles, albeit with a creak, but almost everywhere it is already recognized that “Ra” means sunlight and the Slavs, no less than the Egyptians, honored the God of the sun, or more precisely, God the Sun, that is, the Sun is one of the names of God, who was honored and which was worshiped by the Slavs.

The word “Ra” permeates Russey in many words that are very important for us, the meaning of which we do not hear in everyday life. Read now with new knowledge the well-known words:

How about in connection with the word Ra do not remember the origin of the word Russia. It turns out that the Volga River, which starts from the Valdai and Central Russian Uplands in the North and descends into the Caspian Sea in the South of Russia, was originally called Ra! A huge river practically divides the entire European part of Russia in half. It is no wonder that a huge layer of history is connected with this river among the Russians.

According to information from Wikipedia, the first of the well-known names of the Volga sounds like "Ra", Herodotus wrote about this. Habitat (note, again “ar”), that is, the nearby lands around the river, this was called Ra-sey, that is, the radiance of light, the radiance of ra, the sunny land.
About the fact that "ra" ig ra In our life, a huge role is played by how many significant words this syllable has, and in all these words the meaning of this syllable is clearly visible - light.
For example,
Vera- to believe in the world. Rather, even in this context, "ra" means the Almighty, that is, I believe in God. Remember what the bible says “If you have faith the size of a mustard seed, and say to this mountain, ‘Move from here to there,’ and it will move; and nothing will be impossible for you" (Mt 17:20).

Despite the extremely negative attitude of many Slavophiles to the Bible, I do not hesitate to quote from, because everywhere you can find reasonable and eternal. And to deny everything indiscriminately, I think it is not constructive.
Let's continue

culture	- a sack is something voluminous where you can put something. If he is “cult” formed, then he is approved by “t”, we get a “cult”. If we have collected it and affirmed it with the primary fire of creation, then we get “culture”. The cult of Ra, the cult of the sun and real culture really brings light to the consciousness of people;
Temple	- storage of light;
Sedition	- mola - rumor to ra, i.e. appeal to God, conversation with God;
Mantra	- “mana” or “manas” in Sanskrit mind, consciousness, that is, the repetition of a mantra brightens the mind. There is another translation of this word, also associated with the Sanskrit origin, where the word "mantra" is divided into "mana" and "tra" - an instrument, liberation, control. That is, a mantra is a tool with the help of which consciousness, mind is released;

Let's remember the lighting devices, surprisingly, but here it is full of " ra»
Chandelier, sconce, ramp, headlight. Coincidentally or not, but it's a fact!

Not so obvious light is visible in the words literature, writing, satire, truth, era, paradise, aura, chakra, kamasutra.

Alex on July 28, 2015 11:15 on July 28, 2015 11:29 Alex on July 28, 2015 12:48 on July 28, 2015 21:25 Alex on July 28, 2015 21:37 on July 28, 2015 21:40 Alex on July 28, 2015 21:50 Dmitry on October 23, 2015 23:52 Valentine on November 7, 2015 23:42 Russian order. of November 8, 2015 00:19 of November 8, 2015 08:29 nikolay of November 20, 2015 20:50 Andrey of January 15, 2016 15:00 of January 15, 2016 15:02 Andrey of January 15, 2016 18:28 Andrey of January 15, 2016 18:35 Andrey on January 16, 2016 11:58 Woodpecker-Gryz-Hollow-In-Galaxy on October 1, 2016 00:05 on October 1, 2016 07:13 Mikhail on October 24, 2016 13:40 on October 24, 2016 21:46 Putilov dated October 25, 2016 07:48 am Etymologist dated October 27, 2016 06:51 pm Alexey dated October 28, 2016 10:14 dated October 28, 2016 10:20 pm Georgy Novorossiysk dated December 8, 2016 03:50 pm George Novorossiysk dated December 8, 2016 03:57 pm from 8 December 2016 20:41 Dmitry on December 9, 2016 07:44 on December 9, 2016 09:21 Dmitry on December 9, 2016 14:16 Dmitry on December 9, 2016 14:20 Dmitry on December 9, 2016 14:24 Dmitry on December 9, 2016 14 :28 from December 9, 2016 14:43 Georgy Novorossiysk from December 11, 2016 11:50 from December 11, 2016 14:55 Dmitry from December 12, 2016 07:20 Rostislav from December 15, 2016 13:29 rafail of December 28, 2016 16:08 Putilov of December 29, 2016 07:12 of December 29, 2016 09:28 rafail of December 29, 2016 20:16 rafail of December 29, 2016 20:21 rafail of December 29, 2016 20:25 Evgeniy on January 26, 2017 19:49 Ragaved on May 16, 2017 01:24 Vorsov Andrey on May 18, 2017 06:29 am Pavel on June 2, 2017 10:55 on June 2, 2017 11:32 Mikhail on June 2, 2017 11:43 Alexey from June 2, 2017 18:55 from June 2, 2017 21:05 Putilov from June 3, 2017 07:30 Mikhail from July 22, 2017 01:48

Back forward

Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Lesson goals.

Creating conditions for each student to understand the role of comparative historical analysis in determining lexical meaning words.

Development of creative, critical and heuristic thinking.

Education of a value attitude to the origins of the Russian language.

Lesson objectives.

1. To form a positive motivation for the studied section of linguistics.
2. To teach to argue the relationship of words through comparative historical analysis.
3. Develop the ability to use an etymological dictionary.
4. Learn how to solve etymological problems.
5. Help students realize their creative and analytical skills.

Used technologies: theory of development of critical thinking, heuristic technologies, problematic method.

During the classes

Stage 1.

Student motivation

Everything has a name - both the beast and the object.
There are a lot of things around, but there are no nameless ones ...
Language is both old and forever new!
And it's so beautiful
In the vast sea - the sea of ​​​​words -
Bathe daily!

The language in which we think and speak is always a reflection of our essence. But how often do we think, for some reason or another phenomenon, an object is called so? Do you want to discover the secret of the birth of words by looking into the depths of centuries? Our lesson will help you with this.

This lesson does not apply to any of the sections of linguistics studied in the school curriculum. But it is closely related to each of them. Knowledge of phonetics will help you understand the phonetic processes occurring in our language. Morphemics and word formation will give new discoveries. Morphology is also indispensable here. Do you want to know why all the names of nationalities are nouns and only Russians are an adjective? Dare! All in your hands!

Stage 2.

Setting lesson goals

Are you good at setting goals and achieving them? Let's try! Set your goals for today's lesson. Write them down in a notebook.

Get to know the goals of the other students (for this I suggest you exchange notebooks with your nearest neighbors). Maybe there are some of your like-minded people among them. After all, it is much easier to go to the intended goal if you feel a friendly shoulder nearby.

Formulate questions that you would like to receive answers to in our lesson. (Questions are put on the board)

Select those of the other students' questions that you can now answer. Share your knowledge with them.

Reflection of activity.

1. What feelings and sensations did you have while working on the goals?
2. What are your main results in completing the assignment? What made it possible to achieve them?

Stage 3

The topic of our lesson is “Fascinating etymology”. Who knows what etymology is? By the second root, you can guess that this is science. But science about what?

Back in 1806, N. Yanovsky gave the following definition of etymology: "Word origin, word production; the true product of the beginning of words or an explanation of their exact meaning." What do you think, which of the words of this definition is a translation from the Greek. etymon? - "truth, the true meaning of the word." So, today we will be engaged in the search for the truth with you!

Pay attention to the second version of the topic of our lesson. What word fascinates in it? Maybe "secrets"? Try to name a few associations for this word. Do any of you among these associations have the word “detective”? I do not know why, but it was this association that led me to the idea of ​​inviting you to the detective agency today.

What do you think the name of our detective agency will be? Suggest your name for this agency. Don't forget the theme of our lesson!

Exercise 1. "Detective agency"

Purpose: to give a name to the detective agency.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Think about the name of a detective agency that deals with the etymology of words. Suggest your agency name. Maybe you can suggest several variants of the name?
2. Try to imagine what the agency's premises look like. You can use the Paint program and reflect your ideas in the attached file. If you do not like to draw, you can capture your sketch in writing. Justify the need for things you have chosen as attributes of a detective agency.
3. Reflection: Ask our fictional detective a question. What would you like to ask him?

And we boldly open the doors and enter the detective agency "Look at the root." How do you understand the word "see"? And what, from your point of view, does the expression in the name of our agency mean?

The word "root" has many meanings. Choose from the proposed values ​​the one that matches our topic:

1. Underground part of plants.
2. The internal part of the tooth, hair, located in the body.
3. Root of the equation.
4. In words (in linguistics: the main, significant part of the word).
5. Beginning, origin, source of something.

Stage 4

Every science has its own discoverer. We have a “identikit” of this person.

Task 2. "Identikit"

Purpose: to develop observation, the ability to see the "invisible", to learn how to create a characterization of a person according to his external data.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Describe the presented portrait. Imagine what this person could be, paying attention to the look, forehead, chin, face oval.
2. Compare your guesses with those of other students. Note which probable qualities you missed, and which ones you noted with particular accuracy.
3. Reflection. Describe how you feel when doing given task. Is it true that the eyes are the window to the soul?

Before us is a portrait of A. Kh. Vostokov. Let's turn the pages of history...

The island of Saaremaa (Ezele), the city of Ahrensburg (later Kingisepp, now Kuressaare), which is on the coast of the Gulf of Riga. March 16, 1781. A boy was born in the German Ostenek family. Happy parents named the newborn Alexander. Could they have then assumed that their son in the near future would change his surname Ostenek to Vostokov, would consider himself Russian and go down in the history of world science as an outstanding Russian philologist, although they predicted a different future for him, prepared for another career.

But the most favorite pastime of A.Kh. Vostokova was to compare, contrast the words of different languages, find common and different in them.

This is a very exciting activity. So many interesting things to discover! Have you ever tried to match words from different languages? Of course, to do this, you need to know languages. But if you study in a serious educational institution, then you study not even one, but several languages, including, perhaps, ancient ones: Latin, Old Slavonic. Here are the cards for you.

In the archive of manuscripts A.Kh. Vostokov keeps a small notebook (only eight sheets), on which is written in his hand: "Root and primitive words of the Slavic language." Can you guess what these words are that the researcher called indigenous and primitive? This means that not all words were of interest to A.Kh. Vostokov, but consisting only of the root, the most ancient, primitive. Think about what a capacious definition for words - primitives. These are the first formed ones (then derivatives will be created from them, nests of related words will form, and the primitives will head them, become the tops of word-forming nests) and, as it were, conveying the first image, i.e. the characteristic that served as the basis for the name.

Want to know a little more about this amazing man? Let's call on the help of the Internet and the queen of science, the Book. With their help, you can answer the question: What contribution did A. Kh. Vostokov make to the development of etymology?

It will be yours homework.

Purpose: understanding the significance of the scientist's contribution to the development of science.

The task can be completed in the following ways:

1. A letter of thanks to A. Kh. Vostokov from the distant future.
2. Ode "On the day of the discovery of great etymology."
3. Your variant

Stage 5

And we will continue our acquaintance with the detective of the agency “Look at the Root” and will try to look “inside” the words together with him.

We are so accustomed to words ... We read, write, talk, laugh, joke, sing, and even quarrel. We need language like we need air. But how rarely do we think about how the word appeared, what is its history and origin. Etymology studies the history and origin of the word, and is an important section of the history of the language, without knowing which we can only describe facts, objects, almost completely without explaining them. Science explains them.

However, the establishment of the "original" meaning of the word does not exhaust the tasks of etymological research. In their development, words usually undergo various changes. In particular, the sound image of the word is changing. For example, the ancient form in the morning in modern Russian it sounds like tomorrow. The restoration of an older form often makes it possible to clarify the etymology of the word. That's the way it is with the word tomorrow. In itself, it is etymologically incomprehensible. And here is the form in the morning puts everything in its place: morning - tomorrow is the time that follows the morning.

Task 3. "Let's follow"

Purpose: to get acquainted with etymological dictionaries, to learn, using comparative phonetic analysis, to distinguish from the presented words words formed by changes at the phonetic level.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Get acquainted with etymological dictionaries, for example, with the “Historical and Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language” by P.Ya. same authors; “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” G.P. Tsyganenko.
2. Carefully consider the construction of entries in these dictionaries. What information do they carry?
3. Compare words modern language and initial, i.e. the words from which the data was formed.
4. Mark those of them in the formation of which phonetic changes are observed.
5. Write down 5-10 words you found and send to the forum.
6. Check out other students' answers. Ask them to prove the presence of phonetic changes in the words that interest you.

stage 6

To restore the oldest stages of the history of the word available to us, to reveal the reasons that led to the emergence of the word, to determine its closest “relatives” - these are the main tasks facing etymology.

Such tasks are now before us.

Task 4. "Find relatives"

Purpose: to trace the “pedigree” of words up to its etymological birth, to learn how to argue the relationship of words through comparative historical analysis.

1. Words given: swamp, lord, wet, hairy, volost, cure, elbow, possess, get along, passion. Among them there are three words that go back to the same common Slavic root. Find them.
2. Group following words by word-formation nests: crafty, bend, ray, radiant, lukomorye, torch, basket, radiant, pay, archer, case, better.

Task 5. “Let's take it apart”

Purpose: to compare the morphemic structure of words with modern and historical point vision.

Reflection tasks 3-5.

By completing the previous tasks, you have become more closely acquainted with what etymology does. You have explored the origin of words, the historical processes that take place within words. Try to compose a syncwine with the word "etymology".

Algorithm for compiling a syncwine:

Line 1 – noun (“etymology”)

Line 2 - 2-3 adjectives that you associate with this noun

3rd line - 2-3 verbs

Line 4 - a noun that is an antonym for this concept for you (fashionably situational)

5 line - a phrase reflecting our concept

If some of you have not yet met with the compilation of syncwines, then maybe this example will help you understand the essence of the task:

Coniferous, green, immense
Grows, fascinates, gives
Generous Siberian taiga
Take care!

Stage 7

There are many different games in the world. But is it possible to play etymology? It turns out you can. Such a game was invented by linguists, pursuing an entertaining, humorous goal, since they deliberately gave a false etymological interpretation of the words of the Russian language, hence the unusual name "pseudo-etymology".

Take for example the word lefty. It was formed from the adjective left + sha and means "a person who does everything with his left hand." But you can also give a playful interpretation: to the noun a lion add a suffix -w-, the word was formed lefty meaning "female lion". Or, for example, the word contract in scientific etymology has the meaning “agreement”, then in pseudoetymology dog-o-thief will mean “a person who steals Great Danes”.

The following words can be explained in the same way: breakfast- "dreaming about the future" insured- "intimidated" colic- "syringes" superman- soup lover blank- "stupid woman", banker- sweeping bank solarium- "the place of extraction of salt."

In pseudoetymology, the main thing is to find such a sound complex in a given word that would to some extent resemble the sound complexes of the root part of another word that is close to the first one. It is the sound that is linked to the content. For example, Martin- "a woman in flippers." Thus, pseudoetymology is a deliberate misinterpretation of a word based on the sound similarity of words that have different meanings.

Task 6. “Pseudo-etymological dictionary”

Purpose: to compile your own “pseudo-etymological” dictionary.

Execution algorithm:

1. Take a look around you. Make a list of objects, phenomena that surround you. You can pick up adjectives, verbs for them.
2. Try to look at the written words from a different point of view, unusual for you. Maybe a swede will turn into a trouser leg for you, and a fork into a small country house.
3. Write down your definitions of items. Choose the most successful and interesting from your point of view.
4. Write down your vocabulary entries alphabetically.
5. If you wish, you can arrange the resulting dictionary. Get creative with it. Maybe there will be illustrations in it?

Task reflection: write a miniature “Is it difficult to be a linguist?”.

Stage 8

The word for us is the most important means of communication, a means of perception of works of fiction. But the word is also of interest in itself: each word has its own origin, its own history, its own phonetic and morphological appearance, its own meaning. All the words that we speak hold the secret of our birth. And it is very interesting to solve it. And of course, here you can not do without the most diverse literature - you want to look into encyclopedias and dictionaries, open a geographical atlas, look through history books. We'll have to reason, think logically, compare. But the result is worth it. After all, etymology is a science full of unsolved mysteries, mysteries dating back to the distant past, and the stubborn and inquisitive are sure to be discovered.

Etymology is a complex and multifaceted science. She always requires a creative approach. Here it is impossible, having learned a few specific rules, to wait for ready-made answers to all questions. In many cases, these answers are not yet available, yet to be obtained by future researchers.

Etymology is a science in which there is a place for discoveries and discoveries. For a long time to come, it will attract to itself those who are thoughtful about the word, are interested in its history, and seek to understand and explain the changes that are taking place in it.

Task 7. Lesson reflection.

1. Remember the content of the lesson. Note which tasks were difficult for you, which ones were simple and uninteresting. Pick up epithets for each of the tasks.
2. At the beginning of the lesson, you formulated questions that you would like to receive an answer to. Mark the ones for which you received this answer. Are there any unanswered questions? Do not despair! After the lesson, together we will choose a direction and outline ways to find answers to your questions.
3. Remember your goals that you set at the beginning of the lesson. Which of them have you achieved? What helped you achieve your goals? Maybe it was some personal qualities? What else do you need to work on? Divide a sheet of paper into two halves. On the left write down those skills and abilities that you, from your point of view, already possess, and on the right - those that you still lack. If there are entries on the right side of the sheet, then you have something to strive for, then there is a goal ahead! I wish you success!