How to plant mushrooms at home. Growing mushrooms at home: main features and instructions for beginners

Mushrooms are always popular, regardless of the season. Some people like to collect them in the forest on their own, others prefer to buy them in shops and markets. Growing mushrooms at home or in the country can be a very profitable business. Its profitability reaches 40%, and entering the business does not require special knowledge and large investments.

What mushrooms to grow?

First of all, you need to decide which mushrooms you plan to grow. There are several cost-effective options:

White mushroom- one of the most valuable on the mushroom market. Soups, sauces, salads are prepared from it. Is in high demand. But at the same time, growing porcini mushrooms is somewhat troublesome, as they grow best in gardens near the roots of trees. When grown in greenhouses, they need to create conditions similar to natural ones.
Oyster mushrooms- the easiest type of mushroom to grow. Requires a small area for planting, and a monthly harvest from one square meter can reach 14 kg. The first mushrooms can be obtained in a month. Oyster mushroom is in great demand because it contains a lot of nutrients, vitamins B, PP, C and H and amino acids.
Champignon- This type of mushroom is considered one of the most expensive. Requires compost, which is quite difficult to make at home, therefore, you will have to spend money on its purchase.

Business registration

It is necessary to obtain a number of documents that will allow you to legally sell mushrooms:

Certificate of registration as an individual entrepreneur. OKVED code - A.01.12.31. (growing mushrooms and mycelium). ESHN should be chosen as the tax regime.
Certificate of registration in Pension Fund and the tax office.
Permission and certificates from SES.
Conclusion of Rospotrebnadzor.
radiology protocol.
Quality certificate obtained in Rosstandart.
Compiled and approved rules for the storage and transportation of mushrooms and products derived from them.

Please note that certificates obtained in the laboratory are valid only as long as you grow mushrooms on the same substrate. When changing the substrate, it is necessary to pass laboratory research again.

Room selection

You can grow mushrooms in personal plot, as well as indoors. The second is relevant if you plan to open a mushroom farm and get a crop all the time, and not just in the warm season. Suitable as a basement, as well as a warehouse, a greenhouse and even an ordinary living room.

Mushroom cultivation requires a dry and clean room with good ventilation. In the cold season, it is also necessary to install additional stoves or radiators to maintain the thermal regime.

It is worth paying attention to the humidity, which should reach 80-90%, depending on the type of mushroom grown. To maintain it, it is necessary to install containers filled with cold water in the room.

Despite the fact that mushrooms do not like bright light, it is still necessary to provide short-term artificial lighting. It will be needed during the ripening of the crop.

It is advisable to divide the room into several zones, based on the main stages:

For the preparation and storage of the substrate.
For planting mushrooms.
For sprouting mycelium.
For the direct cultivation and collection of mushrooms.
For processing and storage of finished products.

The selected room must be pre-treated with a disinfectant solution and then the walls whitewashed.

Purchase of mycelium

Mycelium is a mycelium that looks like thin light threads with a thickness of 10 microns or less. After planting it, the growth of mushrooms begins. When choosing a mycelium, one should pay attention to the variety, type and timing of the ripening of mushrooms, their resistance to diseases of various kinds.

Be sure to check the expiration date of the mycelium, their color and smell. The seller must have a license for the goods.

To get started, buy a small trial batch.

Equipment

For the proper organization of a business on a mushroom farm, it is important to have such equipment and consumables as:

polyethylene bags for planting mushrooms;
refrigerator and cold rooms;
heaters;
humidifiers;
racks;
container for packing;
harvest boxes.

Staff

If you have fixed serious production on an industrial scale, then you should get helpers. To run a mushroom farm you need:

technologist;
harvester and packer;
handyman;
Sales Manager.

The number of workers depends on the size of the farm and the amount of harvest.

How to grow white mushroom

The technology depends on where you grow mushrooms:

In an open area

First you need to prepare a special solution according to this recipe: break the hat of an adult mushroom and soak it for a day in cold water. Then, on the site, it is necessary to remove the top layer of turf directly near the trees, and pour the cleared place with an infused solution with fungal spores.

It is worth planting mushrooms in late May - early June, if you are in the southern regions, in the middle lane, planting dates fall at the end of August - early September.

To accelerate growth, you can buy mycelium of porcini mushrooms. It is planted in a small pit, about 20-30 cm deep. It is first filled with a substrate. Substrate can be:

dry foliage of trees;
bark;
various kinds of nutrient mixtures.

The thickness of the layer reaches 7-10 cm. Then the second layer is laid, consisting of humus or ordinary earth, mycelium is laid on it, then another layer of nutrient mixture 3 cm thick. Then everything is sprinkled with a layer of earth 3-5 cm thick.

in the greenhouse

Seeds must be planted in boxes and placed on racks. For planting, special compost is used, consisting of:

dry crushed straw;
sawdust;
sunflower husks;
chalk or plaster in small quantities.

Chicken, cow or horse droppings can act as fertilizer. The resulting mixture is poured hot water and infused for 2-3 weeks. During this period, the compost is shaken and watered. Then mycelium is added to the compost and laid out in boxes.

Subdued lighting should be arranged in the room, high level humidity and provide ventilation.

Oyster mushroom cultivation

There are two options for growing these mushrooms:

First option

It involves the preparation of the substrate, which includes:

crushed and soaked straw;
sawdust;
fresh sunflower husk.

The mixture is crushed and poured with hot water. After cooling, it is placed in polypropylene bags. The substrate layer and the mycelium layer should be alternated. In this case, the mycelium makes up 3-5% of the total mass of the bag. The polyethylene should have holes for ventilation, about 2 cm in diameter. It is advisable to make holes every 15 cm.

The first month, the blanks are stored in a closed dark room at a humidity of 90% and a temperature of about 25 degrees. After the specified period, everything moves to a cooler place with a temperature regime of 12-18 degrees, where the mushrooms ripen.

The first mushrooms can be obtained in a few weeks, and they grow in waves. With each new wave, the amount of harvested is less.

Second option

It implies the use of wood and stumps for growing crops:

Take the stumps deciduous trees, preferably young ones that are not infected with other fungi. You can also use pre-treated cuts from tree trunks.
Stumps and cuts are infected with mycelium and kept at high humidity until they become overgrown with mycelium.
Then they are planted in the ground to provide constant moisture.

This method is characterized by low productivity and is used extremely rarely.

You can learn about the real experience of growing such mushrooms from the video:

Growing champignons is considered more complex process. Firstly, this is due to the fact that they require a special compost or substrate, and secondly, it is necessary to strictly observe the microclimate.

The substrate can be prepared independently. For him take:

fresh dry straw - 12 kg;
fresh chicken manure or cow or horse manure - 8 kg;
gypsum or chalk - 0.5-1 kg;
ammonium sulfate - 200-250 g.

All this is laid out in layers, then insisted for a month, watering daily, every 6-7 days it must be shaken. To determine whether the mixture is ready for planting, the absence of a characteristic ammonia smell will help. As soon as it disappears, you can sprinkle the compost with earth and plant the mycelium.

The temperature regime for champignons is at least 15 degrees, best of all - 20-25. The humidity level is within 70-80%.

The mushroom picker germinates within two weeks, and the first harvest can be obtained in 2-3 months.

Sales of mushrooms

Finished products must be sold as quickly as possible or specially processed for long-term storage. Fresh mushrooms can be sold:

selling them to restaurants and canteens;
deliver to markets and shops, supermarkets;
sell to individual buyers.

Leftovers can be canned or dried.

During Lent and on holidays, the cost and demand for mushrooms increases.

How much money do you need to start a business?

Here is a sample business plan for expenses:

Premises for rent in 40-60 sq.m. - 7,000 rubles.
Purchase of mycelium or mycelium - 10,000 rubles.
Purchase of substrate or compost - 20,000 rubles.
Packages at the rate of 500 pieces - 5,000 rubles.
Plastic boxes, 10 pieces - 1,000 rubles.
Equipment for organizing a microclimate - 15,000 rubles.
Refrigerators and cold rooms - 40,000-60,000 rubles.
Transportation costs - 15,000.
Registration and execution of all papers - 20,000 rubles.
Communal payments- 30,000 rubles monthly.

To open a business, on average, you will need 183,000 rubles. The exact item of expenditure depends on the volume of production and the region.

Business Pros

The main advantages of the mushroom business include:

mushrooms are unpretentious in care and do not require constant care;
no special training or skills required;
use in the production of simple and affordable materials;
high demand and stable income.

For starters, it's best to try growing mushrooms on a small scale for yourself. Once you understand the cultivation process, you can expand the mushroom farm and enter the market.

When working with mushrooms - planting, harvesting - use gauze bandages, as fungal spores can cause allergic reactions.

Video: Mushrooms - an idea for a private business

You can learn more about growing mushrooms and organizing a mushroom business from the video below:

Growing mushrooms is a fairly cost-effective and simple type of business. It does not require any special knowledge. Its profitability reaches 40%, and it pays off within a year.

Growing champignons at home is not a difficult task if you know what kind of room is needed for this, as well as what components to use to ensure stable and high-quality fruiting. Today, they use several popular methods of growing mushrooms on the territory of their homes.

Selection and preparation of premises

To grow mushrooms, you do not need to have special knowledge and skills. The best place for such a business is the basement or cellar of a private house. Mushrooms are not thermophilic, and do not need constant lighting. If there is no basement, it is permissible to carry out the procedure in a greenhouse in a country house or a barn.

The premises must be concrete walls, cemented floors and good ventilation. Mesh material that closes the ventilation holes will help prevent pest attacks. Walls and ceiling must be limed.

What kind of mycelium is needed?

Mycelium is also called mycelium. It is a vegetative body of fungi - a system of the thinnest branching filaments or hyphae.

Mycelium performs important functions, because without it the process of growing mushrooms will not take place:

participates in sporulation and is responsible for the preservation of the formed disputes;
helps organisms to attach to nutrient substrates;
adapts well to environment;
with the help of enzymes, it processes cellulose, obtaining from it substances available for growth and development.

Mycelium is an important organ responsible for the vegetative reproduction of organisms.

Buying a finished product

For growing champignons at home, it is recommended to use grain mycelium, since it is not only convenient to sow, but it does not need additional processing. When buying mycelium, pay attention to its appearance: the grains should be yellow with a slight orange tint.

Buying mycelium with dark spots is not recommended - this is evidence that mold is present. Quality planting material also determined by smell: there should be a distinct aroma of fresh mushrooms. If there is an ammonia smell, the product has not been stored properly and is spoiled.

Be sure to pay attention to the manufacturer. It is advisable to choose mycelium from a well-known and large supplier. You should not immediately buy a lot of mycelium, first it is better to take a sample. If there are no problems with germination, the formation of mycelium will be good, then buy a large batch.

Self-growing mycelium

Before planting mushrooms, many gardeners and gardeners grow mycelium on their own, referring to the fact that this way they will be able to get a quality product. Mycelium, divorced at home, is compost and grain.

Cooking grain mycelium happens in the following way:

Pour 10 kg of grains into a container, pour 15 liters of water.
Put on a slow fire, bring to a boil and simmer for half an hour to an hour. The grains should not be soft, but should be soft.
Drain the water, dry the grain, then fall asleep finished material in liter jars. Make holes in the lids and grains.
Close the holes on the lids with cotton swabs. Place the jars in an autoclave with a pressure of 1.5 atm. for 30 minutes.
In the chilled grain, or rather in its holes, place the mycelium.
Put the jars in a thermostat with a temperature of 24 degrees, do not reach until the mycelium completely occupies the entire nutrient medium.

For getting compost mycelium perform the following procedures:

Take 3-liter jars and fill them 2/3 with mushroom substrate. Seal well.
Roll up the jars with lids, making 3-centimeter holes in them, closing them with cotton swabs.
Heat the compost to 24 degrees, place the mycelium in it.
Closing the holes in the lids tightly will help prevent infection of the mycelium.

Preparation of the substrate (compost): do-it-yourself cooking

Mushrooms require conditions close to natural, therefore, specially prepared compost is needed, the composition of which must be loose and nutritious.

To grow the maximum yield, prepare the substrate, following the instructions. Since the strains or varieties of mushrooms are different, the preparation technology and the composition of the substrate may vary slightly. But there are general principles preparation of compost for growing mushrooms.

To prepare compost, combine the ingredients in the following proportions:

It is acceptable to replace horse manure with bird or cow droppings, but in this case the yield will be lower.

The straw is soaked for 24 hours in warm water in a convenient container. After they are stacked, mixing with layers of manure (there should be 6-8 of them). Moisten each layer with warm water.
After 3-4 days, mix the compost well and add urea and superphosphate.
After another 3-4 days, mix the compost again, gradually introducing the remaining minerals. With the last stirring, add gypsum.

On average, it takes 24-28 days to make compost. The fact that the substrate is ready is evidenced by the disappearance of the smell of ammonia and the acquisition of a light brown shade of manure. The finished substrate is moved to the basement and laid out in containers where it is planned to grow champignons.

Experienced mushroom growers recommend using compost that is less picky and more resistant to violations of growing conditions for the first planting. The yield with compost mycelium is not as rich, but it is much easier to get the first experience with it. Before planting the mycelium, the substrate is carefully examined: it should be slightly springy, not hard and not crumbly.

Step by step guide for beginners

There are several basic step-by-step rules that you need to know when planting and growing mushrooms at home. If performed correctly, it will be possible to regularly obtain large crops of mushrooms.

Landing

After preparing the substrate and placing it in boxes or bags, it is planted with mycelium, which is deepened by 5 cm. Distances of 20 cm are kept between the recesses. It is recommended to land in a checkerboard pattern. After planting, sprinkle the mycelium with soil.

If fungal spores are planted, they are sown on the surface of the soil. After sowing, it is not required to sprinkle them with soil and moisten. The soil is covered with a cloth and moistened regularly. The mushroom picker grows within five days. At this time, the humidity in the room is kept at 80-95% and the temperature is 22-27 degrees. After 12 days, the surface is covered with 1 part of limestone, 4 parts of soil and 5 parts of peat. The layer thickness should be at least 3 cm. After that, another 5 days should pass, the soil is periodically moistened. After another 5 days, the temperature is lowered to 13-16 degrees.

Cultivation and care

Although there is no need for constant care for mushrooms, you must first prepare the room and create special conditions in it:

Growing equipment. Depends on how mushrooms are grown. the best way considered growing in bags. For this, special supports with hangers are useful, on which bags with the substrate are hung. The use of plastic equipment is recommended - it does not deform, does not corrode, and is much cheaper.
Optimal temperature. Mushrooms do not require high temperatures, therefore they do not create greenhouse conditions. You only have to insulate the room, carry out thermal insulation, which helps to retain moisture. Heating devices must also be installed - the temperature should not fall below 13 degrees. The elevated temperature is set only for initial stage. For additional heating, the use of infrared lamps is allowed.
Humidity level. Mushrooms love moisture, so the air in the room must be constantly humidified. It's simple: use sprayers or special electronic humidifiers. The humidity level is not lower than 70-90%.
Ventilation and lighting. Be sure to regularly ventilate the room. It is better to use hoods that deliver fresh air. But if you do not plan to grow in large volumes, it is permissible to manually ventilate the room. For lighting, several garden lamps are installed.

It is equally important to take care of fertilizer. As the mycelium grows, it gradually appears on the surface, and in a couple of weeks it will be completely above the soil. To avoid drying out and destruction of the still fruitful mycelium, a fertile substrate poured on top will help. Also, fertilizer is applied to the soil, consisting of 9 parts of peat and 1 part of chalk. For 1 sq. m evenly scatter 40-50 g of the mixture.

Harvest Rules

From the moment of sowing to the harvest of the first harvest, 3-4 months pass. Collect young medium-sized mushrooms, those with a whole membrane that connects the stem and cap. As a seed material, it is recommended to collect mushrooms with strongly opened caps - they lose their beneficial features.

It is forbidden to collect mushrooms with a darkened light brown hat - they can cause intoxication of the body and lead to severe poisoning.

Mushrooms are not cut like forest mushrooms, but twisted. The remaining hole after harvesting is sprinkled with compost a little. A fungus will grow in this place again. Active fruiting of champignons lasts 8-14 weeks. During this time, the crop is harvested up to 7 times. Further, the yield decreases, therefore the mycelium is removed, and the substrate is disposed of.

After the termination of fruiting, the mycelium is removed and used as a recharge for the next generation. The remaining substrate is not reused, because it loses its fertile properties. From 1 sq. m collect up to 60 kg of mushrooms.

Types of growing champignons

Mushrooms are grown in several ways: indoors or on outdoors. Each method has its own specific requirements, compliance with which will allow you to get a large and high-quality crop.

In the basement (in bags)

How is the cultivation procedure carried out:

A nutrient substrate is prepared, which consists of 70% horse manure and 25% compost mixture.
Disinfect the substrate by heating up to 25 degrees.
The mixture is laid out in bags 25-30 cm thick and the mycelium is planted.
They leave it on the rack for three days, after which 5-6 cuts are made in the bag and left in the dark at a temperature of 18-20 degrees.
After 2-3 weeks, mushrooms will begin to appear in the slots. The bags are transferred to a well-ventilated and constantly lit room.
Mushrooms gain marketable weight in about 3-4 weeks.
After harvesting, the bags are transferred back, after which the fungus begins to grow again.

When fruiting, it is required to monitor the level of humidity - it should be about 70-95%. Also monitor the temperature of the substrate - 20-27 degrees.

In the garden

For planting mushrooms, the site is prepared in the fall: the top layer of soil is removed - about 30 cm. The width of the beds should not be less than 1 meter. A distance of 55 cm is kept between rows. A layer of expanded clay is poured onto the bottom, which serves as a drainage layer. Its thickness should be 9 cm. Weeds are thrown over it, watered with a solution of mullein, sprinkled with soil.

Before laying the substrate on the beds, the soil is disinfected using a solution of carbation. Holes are made in the substrate with a depth of at least 5 cm. The mushroom pickers are deepened into the hole by several centimeters, sprinkled with the substrate. When using grain mycelium, it is scattered over the surface of the soil and compacted. On the border of the beds, drain outlets are made excess moisture.

At a soil temperature of 25 degrees, the growth of the mycelium occurs within 14 days. At a temperature of 30 degrees, the death of the mycelium is possible. For convenience, it is planted in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of 25 cm between the holes. After planting, the beds are mulched with straw, which contributes to the evaporation of moisture. After the rooting of the mycelium, the straw is removed and covered with a covering layer using peat and chalk in a ratio of 9:1.

On the balcony (at home on the shelves)

Growing on a balcony is one of the most convenient ways suitable for those who live in an apartment. No special physical and monetary costs are required. This procedure is quite simple:

Glaze and insulate the balcony.
Build a small closet with shelving, as well as drawers 20 cm high.
Install a ventilation pipe with a valve in the cabinet, put a humidifier at the bottom to maintain required level humidity.
To prepare the substrate, mix 10 kg of straw, 15 kg of bird droppings, and 8 kg of alabaster. The addition of superphosphate and urea will increase the yield - 200 g each. Everything is mixed in warm water. The boxes are insulated with moss.
The substrate matures for 3 weeks. After that, mycelium is introduced, preferably grain. It is evenly scattered on the surface of the substrate and the same layer 4-5 cm thick is poured on top. For 1 sq. m area of the substrate contribute 350 g of mycelium.
10 days after the germination of the mycelium, it is covered with a mixture of chalk and peat in a ratio of 1:10. The layer thickness should not exceed 4-5 cm.
5 days after filling the cover soil, the air temperature is lowered to 17 degrees. The soil is superficially regularly moistened with water.

Fruiting occurs in 50-60 days, and harvesting continues year-round.

container way

A simple way to grow mushrooms in the apartment and in the house. Substrate containers can be placed in any convenient place. How is the procedure carried out:

Prepare the container, be sure to take not only the container, but also the lid with the pallet.
Disinfect the container and load the substrate.
The mycelium is sown, deepening by 4-5 cm.
Moisten the soil with mycelium.

Pay special attention to watering. Temperature is a secondary factor, but care must be taken to ensure that the indicator does not exceed 30 degrees. This method is good because 3-4 containers will be enough for your own consumption, while minimal investment will be required.

Watch a video about growing champignons in a container at home:

block method

Many mushroom growers today prefer to buy ready-made blocks for growing mushrooms from a pressed substrate. Large industries press manure, peat, sawdust and seed husks into briquettes. For the production of mushrooms, it is not necessary to choose premises with large areas. Due full training blocks they do not have to plant mushroom mycelium, because it is already in them. One block weighs from 2.5 to 20 kg.

Blocks are laid horizontally on shelves and pallets, and holes are made on their surface. The burlap, film or paper with which it is covered will allow the block to avoid drying out. After covering the block with mycelium, it is covered with cover soil, airing is stopped. It is desirable to moisten the blocks by spraying. The first crop of mushrooms is harvested after 60-75 days.

From what diseases and pests can we expect harm?

The main disinfection of the premises with the help of smoke bombs, spraying and liming will help to fight pests and diseases. But occasionally there are situations when mushrooms are exposed to various diseases and pests. The most common include these:

To determine the profitability of a mushroom growing business at home, you need to clearly define what is needed for full development.

Growing mushrooms at home is a complex and time-consuming process. Mushrooms are rich in nutrients, vitamins, macro- and microelements, fiber, which is useful for the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. Mushrooms grown at home include champignons, shiitake, oyster mushrooms, lion's mane.

Types of technologies

Before growing mushrooms, you need to decide on the technology. Experts identify several methods for growing mushrooms at home, including the main (traditional) and alternative (non-traditional) technology for breeding eukaryotic organisms.

Before growing a mushroom at home using the first technique, it is recommended to determine its type. H beginners are recommended to breed 3 types of plants of the kingdom in question:

Oyster mushrooms.
Champignon.
Shiitake.

What mushrooms can be grown at home (video)

The choice of the medium on which the organisms will germinate depends on the type of group. Oyster mushrooms prefer to grow in straw, champignons - in compost manure, and shiitake - on deciduous sawdust. Before growing mushrooms, you need to buy a mycelium, presented in the form of sawdust with mycelium of the fungus (root structure). To grow mushrooms at home, you will need to use the appropriate mycelium.

Rhizome from fine threads can be bought in specialized organic stores. Often gardeners confuse mycelium with spores. The latter are a kind of mushroom seeds (not seedlings, as in the mycelium). Growing mushrooms at home from spores takes more time and practice.

Mini mushroom box for champignons (video)

The next step is to clean the nutrient medium. Before settling the mycelium on a nutrient medium (if we are talking about straw or sawdust), it is recommended to clean it from microorganisms that can harm it, or compete with the mycelium. To do this, you need to sterilize it. Then you need to put the straw or sawdust in a heat-resistant container, adding water. Dishes are placed in the microwave or placed on the stove. The water should boil. This procedure will be able to kill all microorganisms, protecting the soil for mycelium.

Soil sterilization for mushrooms (video)

Additional work

Before planting mycelium on a nutrient medium, it is recommended to heat it b (heat stimulates and greatly accelerates the growth of fungi). Mycelium should be evenly applied to the soil, mixing it with your hands. The resulting mixture is placed in a pre-prepared container. Dishes with mycelium are placed on an electric pillow (temperature not higher than 20 0 C). The design is stored in a dark place for 20-23 days. These conditions well stimulate the growth of mycelium and its distribution in the soil.

After the specified period, the container with the nutrient medium is transferred to a dark and cool room (temperature up to 15 0 C). This can be a basement, a barn in the warm season, and in winter - a closet or box located in an unheated room at home. It is recommended to lay out a ball of soil on top of the medium with a thin layer, which is plentifully irrigated with water. The main rule is that the environment should always be moist and cool. To prevent moisture loss, it is recommended to cover the soil container with a damp towel.

After 2-3 weeks, small mushrooms should appear.

To speed up the growth of small indoor mushrooms, it is recommended to keep them in a cool and dark place. The crop is harvested after the caps are separated from the legs. Experts do not advise pulling out mushrooms with your hands, as their root system may be damaged or the growth of small organisms may be disrupted. It is recommended to use a sharp knife for harvesting. Mushrooms are cut off at the base of the stem. The harvested crop can be cooked immediately or stored in the refrigerator for up to 10 days. In this case, a paper bag is used.

Non-traditional breeding methods

You can grow a mushroom at home using non-traditional or alternative methods:

logs of deciduous trees;
coffee grounds;
the use of special devices.

In the first case, birch corks are driven into the logs of deciduous trees, populated with fungal mycelium. These plugs can be purchased at a gardening store. This technology cultivation of mushrooms is used for mushrooms, reishi, lion's mane, chanterelles, pearl mushrooms. Principle of operation: it is recommended to find a log from a deciduous, but not aromatic tree (oak, maple, poplar) beforehand. Before planting, at least 2 weeks must pass so that all the antifungal properties of the tree disappear from the log.

Its length should not exceed 10 cm, and its diameter should not exceed 35 cm. With such dimensions, you will need an average of up to 50 birch plugs. To set them, holes should be made (over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe log) with a depth of 5 cm. To do this, you need a 5x16 drill. Holes are made in 10 cm increments. Plugs are hammered into the holes. They must then be sealed with beeswax to protect them from pests and the weather. If the log will be stored in room conditions, in the garage or in the basement, then the plugs are not sealed.

The mycelium preliminarily spreads along the log, and then mushrooms sprout from the cracks. On average, this process takes 12-14 months. This takes into account weather conditions, humidity and ambient temperature.

How to grow an oyster mushroom on a tree (video)

Coffee grounds and specialty sets

Coffee grounds are an ideal breeding ground for some types of mushrooms (oyster mushrooms). It has a lot of nutrients and is ready to be populated with micelles. This is due to its sterility. Microorganisms are destroyed during the coffee brewing process. For 0.5 kg of micelles, you need 2.5 kg of grounds. A special bag made of geotextile - Grow bag is used as a container for the nutrient medium. Otherwise, a milk container or an ice cream box with 4 side holes is used.

The next step is to evenly distribute the mycelium in the coffee grounds. The mixture is thoroughly mixed by hand. Then it is laid out in a container, which is recommended to be tightly closed and placed in a dark place (temperature 18-25 0 C). Shelf life - 20-25 days.

When growing mushrooms, experts recommend watering the soil 1-2 times a day. The indicator of the next stage is the whitening of the soil - this is the uniform growth of mycelium in the thick. Then the container is transferred to a bright room, but to a shaded place. A 5x5 cm hole is cut out on the box. The soil is watered several times a day. In this case, it is necessary to periodically monitor the soil moisture. At first, the mushrooms will be small, and after 5-7 days the caps will begin to separate from the legs. Harvesting is underway. Coffee grounds are planted in compost or under the bark (for the germination of new mushrooms).

For gardeners, special kits have been created for growing mushrooms at home, which consist of plastic bag with a sterilized and seeded medium (straw or soil). How it works: The package is pre-opened. It is stored in a bright place, but not in direct sunlight. It is recommended to water the medium several times a day.

Some sets are equipped with plastic tents that protect the soil from moisture loss. On average, mushrooms begin to grow within 3-5 days. Using this technology, you can grow champignons, lion's mane, shiitake, oyster mushrooms. Mushrooms begin to germinate within 1-2 weeks. At the end of this process, the soil is transplanted into compost (outdoors).

Before choosing one of the above technologies for growing mushrooms at home, it is recommended to consult with experts.

Gallery: mushrooms at home (15 photos)

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Mushrooms as a food product have been known to man for thousands of years. These organisms are nutritious, rich in protein, trace elements and fiber, and at the same time have a low calorie content. It took a long time before people figured out how to grow mushrooms at home, like vegetables - at home or in personal plots.

Growing mushrooms at home

Features of growing mushrooms at home: it should be remembered that growing mushrooms and vegetables is not the same . Mushroom growing at home has its own nuances:

Growing oyster mushrooms at home: mushroom breeding technology

The first three weeks, the substrate with mycelium must be kept in a warm and humid place. Optimum temperature +20°С - +22°С. Later, it is necessary to move the mycelium to a cool room, for example, a basement.

Choosing the Right Variety

Mushrooms, which are the least problematic to grow at home, are champignons, oyster mushrooms and shiitake mushrooms. Each of these mushrooms has its own nutrient medium: for champignons it is compost, humus, for shiitake - sawdust, and in a straw substrate.

Having decided on the type of mushrooms, it is worth choosing a method for breeding them.

There are two main ways to grow mushrooms at home:

How to grow mushrooms at home and which mushrooms to choose is a matter of taste for every mushroom grower. However, fans of the intensive method of growing mushrooms should remember that mushrooms release spores into the air, which adversely affect the human respiratory system and can cause severe allergies.

Therefore, the premises allocated for the cultivation of mushrooms should be as far away from the residential area as possible.

User reviews

Intensive method. To do this, I use a small pot and humus. Of course, I add all kinds of fertilizers - without them, the rapid development of the fungus is impossible. I chose champignons because of their greater prevalence and very simple care. I communicate with other mushroom growers - this is the most common type among beginners. However, I'm not going to change my preferences.

Nikolai Arkhipov

All my friends advised me to start with mushrooms. Even my best friend kept proving to me that this is the simplest mushroom. He said that he was better suited for beginners than others, because caring for him does not require extra money. I tried, but I didn't succeed. Planted them in sawdust. I did everything according to the instructions, but the plant died. But there are no problems with shiitake, it is still growing. Now I know for sure that it is better to start with them, and not with champignons, and the landing itself is easier.

Growing champignons at home has become today not only an exotic hobby, but also a popular way to earn extra money. The interest of private producers in such a business is explained by high demand and the lack of large investments. To obtain stable yields, you should study the features of home growing champignons and provide them with the appropriate conditions.

The best varieties for growing

Modern selection provides the market with new varieties of champignons. Today there are already about 50 varieties. Hybrid varieties differ from wild-growing varieties in higher yields and good adaptation to artificial conditions.

The nutritional value of all champignons, home-grown, is approximately the same. Small differences between varieties are observed in the intensity of fruiting, care features and appearance: color, size.

To grow homemade champignons for commercial purposes, they choose high-yielding and unpretentious varieties in care:

Houser A15. A high-yielding young hybrid, the most popular among farmers in America and Europe. It is distinguished by a large cap, dense pulp, not prone to the formation of scales. The strain is suitable for growing on different composts.
Somycel 608 and 512. Strains popular in Europe. They give many waves of harvest and are distinguished by the stability of fruiting. Mushrooms of medium size, require strict adherence to growing conditions.
Sylvan 130 . An all-purpose hybrid of American selection that can be grown in home nurseries in beds, in bags, on pallets or on shelves. The variety is characterized by fast germination and high fertility. Suitable for conservation.

To study home cultivation of culture, the purchased mycelium of ordinary white champignon is suitable for beginner mushroom growers.

How to grow mushrooms at home

Mushrooms are grown in dachas, in greenhouses, special champignons are built, but some home premises can also be adapted for such production. The main thing is to provide the landings with the necessary humidity, temperature, be sure to provide ventilation. Most often, all the requirements correspond to the basement or cellar.

There are several ways to place home plantings:

on racks - when the soil is poured directly onto the shelves with sides;
in separate boxes that can be installed arbitrarily;
beds piled on the floor in the basement;
in bags of various capacities.

With any method, the cultivation of champignons is subject to the same rules, including the principles of preparation, laying the substrate and observing the parameters necessary for the culture.

Indoor lighting

An advantageous fact when growing homemade champignons is their ability to develop almost in the dark. Light is needed only for work and does not affect productivity in any way.

Direct sunlight is undesirable for champignons. When grown indoors with large windows or on home balconies, glass needs to be darkened or curtained.

Ventilation

Access to fresh air is one of the main rules for growing champignon mushrooms at home. Without proper ventilation, fruits do not germinate well, get sick, pests and mold can appear in home compost. During growth, champignons emit a lot of carbon dioxide, its stagnation leads to deformation of the body, the legs of the mushrooms are extended.

When growing at home, all ventilation vents should be covered with fine meshes. So it is possible to protect plantings from insects and reduce the risk of drafts, which are detrimental to champignons.

With large domestic cultivation volumes, the air supply is arranged more carefully: with fans above each box, cleaning and filtering systems.

Temperature and Humidity

The technology of growing champignons involves several temperature conditions at consistently high humidity - not lower than 65%. Moreover, it is desirable not to water the substrate excessively, and the humidity of the air can be brought up to 90%.

The best home harvests are obtained when it is possible to regulate the temperature in accordance with the development phase of the mushrooms. So, when the mycelium matures, +25 ° С will be required, and for growing the body of the fungus - about +14 ° С.

If the ability to regulate the temperature is limited, you should place the mushrooms in a room where it is constantly from +16 to +20 ° C.

Room division

Growing champignons at home requires following two fundamentally different stages: the incubation period and the forcing period of the fungus body.

Large basements or special buildings are conveniently divided into two zones. In one of them, mycelium will mature in special compost at a temperature of +20 to +25 °C.

The second part will be occupied by containers with mushrooms. Homemade champignons quickly grow a fleshy body at low temperatures - from +14 to +18 ° C, which depends on the characteristics of the variety.

The presence of two zones can guarantee a year-round supply of crops. It is only necessary to move boxes or bags from one part to another in time.

Room disinfection

Methods of preventive treatment:

Whitewash with copper sulfate in the ratio: 2 kg of lime + 100 g of copper sulfate, diluted in 10 liters of water.
Irrigation with bleach solution: 400 g disinfectant per 10 liters of water.
Treatment of all surfaces with formalin (4%) using a spray gun.
Fumigation of the room with sulfuric smoke using a smoke bomb.

Attention! All household disinfection work is carried out in a protective mask, gloves and overalls.

After any type of treatment, the room needs to be ventilated until the smell of chemicals disappears and all surfaces are completely dry.

Substrate preparation

Creating a high-quality soil mixture for forcing champignons at home is half the battle. Therefore, if there is a shortage of time or materials for making compost, it should be purchased from a trusted supplier. Farmers who grow champignons often lay the substrate with a large supply, and sell the rest.

The preparation of a fertile composition is accompanied by an elevated temperature and a rapid release of harmful gases from bad smell. All work is done outdoors.

The best homemade champignons are grown on horse manure formulations. Other types of organic matter reduce yields by 25%. You will also need cereal straw (oatmeal, rye). The ratio of plant residues to manure is maintained as 1:3.

For 100 kg of the mixture, additives are prepared:

urea - 2 kg;
superphosphate - 2 kg;
chalk and plaster in the amount of about 10 kg.

The straw is pre-soaked and the compost is started according to the scheme.

Layers of straw are watered abundantly, sprinkling with additives. After laying, you need to wait about a month for the mixture to “burn out” and make compost. Every week, the bookmark is mixed with a pitchfork. The readiness of the compost is indicated by the absence of an ammonia smell, a decrease in the temperature of the bookmark, and the uniformity of the humus. The substrate for growing mushrooms is pasteurized at temperatures above 70 ° C, this will destroy infections and pests.

Comment! For home plantings of champignons, the soil is laid in a layer of at least 25 cm. To prepare a plot of 1 square meter for growing. m, it will take up to 40 kg of finished compost.

Introduction of mycelium

On sale, mycelium (seed) of champignons can be of two types:

Compost - stored up to 12 months at 0 °C. Material consumption per 1 sq. m - 500 g.
Grain - more productive, easy to plant. Up to 350 g is taken for the same area for sowing. Shelf life in the refrigerator is 6 months.

Important! High-quality mycelium for growing homemade champignons is homogeneous, white, without color inclusions, springy when pressed.

Ripe compost is laid out in boxes, forms, or racks with a layer of about 30 cm. top scores gives sowing in warm compost (about 25 ° C). Germination of mycelium at home actively occurs at a temperature of 20 to 28 ° C. An increase or decrease in these indicators provokes the death of planting material.

If grain mycelium is used for cultivation, it is simply sown on the surface and covered with another layer of substrate (up to 5 cm). When a compost type of mycelium is used, it should be broken into small areas and deepen each 4–5 cm deep into the soil mixture. The distance between landing sites is maintained at least 20 cm.

To maintain the required humidity, the substrate is sprayed or covered with containers with a wet cloth or paper.

Distillation of fruiting bodies

The incubation period for growing champignons lasts 12 days. The compost is covered with thin threads of mycelium, which now permeates the entire soil layer. With any method of growing champignons at home, at the end of this period, the temperature should be reduced. Now you need to maintain from +12 to +16 ° С.

For the appearance of mushrooms, another layer of earth is required. Covering soil for forcing homemade mushrooms may consist of soddy soil with the addition of peat, sand, limestone. The main requirement for the soil is sterility and lightness of the composition. The required layer is 3 cm.

Mushroom fruiting bodies are grown in the upper layer. The first house mushrooms will appear in 30-50 days, depending on the characteristics of the strain and the conditions created.

During the growth of champignons, the room should be regularly ventilated and the humidity of the substrate should be maintained at the level of 60–65%. The air must be more humid than the soil.

Harvesting

One home bookmark can bring up to 8 waves of harvest and bear fruit for more than a year. The most abundant are the 3 initial growing periods.

Mushrooms are harvested at the stage when the lower part of the cap is covered with a film and completely covers the brown plates. Domestic mushrooms are not cut, but, turning slightly, are carefully removed from the soil. The resulting pit is covered with a substrate for further fruiting. On once infected soil, re-growing champignons is unacceptable.

Advice! It is unacceptable to leave the remains of champignons on the soil surface. Their decay provokes diseases, attracts pests.

How to store champignons at home

Fresh champignons, even chilled, do not last long. Their tender flesh quickly deteriorates under the film, dries up in the open. You can extend the home storage period by packing the mushrooms in paper bags and placing them on the bottom shelf of the refrigerator. This will keep them fresh for up to 5 days.

After a week in the refrigerator, the mushrooms become unusable, even if they look fresh. For long-term storage at home, it is better to use freezing.

When growing mushrooms for sale, one should take into account their fragility and agree on supplies in advance.

Disease control

Mushrooms are very sensitive to bacterial, viral, fungal infections of the soil. Infection of plantings during home cultivation most often occurs from low-quality compost. Mycelium or an insufficiently prepared room may be infected.

A strong, uninfected mycelium, subject to the rules of ventilation, moisture, temperature, can suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. If affected fruits or mold spots are found on the ground, diseased fruits can be removed from the surface, and the soil should be thickly sprinkled with salt. But, most likely, the entire container will have to be taken out of the nursery, and the substrate thrown away.

Mushrooms are grown at home to obtain a pure product that does not contain pesticides and poisons. Therefore, the main way to combat diseases and pests is to maintain cleanliness, disinfection of all inventory, timely sanitization premises.

How to grow champignons in an apartment

Without a dacha, cellar or garage, you can grow champignons right in your apartment. Having calculated the correct planting time, homemade mushrooms can be cultivated on the balcony. They will need to be protected from sunlight and maintain the necessary humidity by covering the containers with wet paper.

The easiest way to grow champignons at home is to plant them according to all the above rules in small but deep plastic trays. When choosing containers, they are guided by the availability of free space and the ability to maintain the necessary microclimate.

Growing champignons at home is possible in small plastic bags, which makes them easy to carry and dispose of when infected with diseases. Select packs of sufficient depth to comply with landing rules.

Some mushroom lovers set aside large areas in the apartment for planting mushrooms. It should be remembered that the cultivation of such domestic crops requires isolation from residential premises. For mushrooms in large quantities are better suited basements or special buildings. It is required to grow champignons in specific conditions, and spores, gas, smells emitted by plantings do not contribute to comfortable living.

Conclusion

Growing champignons at home is not an easy but exciting activity that requires patience and skill. Once having gone through all the necessary stages, having received a harvest, you can evaluate the cost and profitability of such an enterprise. Many beginners, starting with the cultivation of domestic mushrooms in small volumes, become the owners of entire mushroom farms, turning their hobby into a profitable business.