Interesting topics of scientific works on history. History Research Topics

According to the Federal State Educational Standard, history projects can be completed by schoolchildren individually or in a group of 3-4 people. Such activities are mandatory after the introduction of new educational standards in domestic schools.

Modern Requirements

At present, modern society urgently needs creative, educated, caring young people.

It presents the school with a social order for the education of a mobile, literate person who is aware of his cultural, historical, spiritual belonging to the country, understands his duties and rights.

Significance of research activities

Any creative project in history involves the application of standard knowledge in new conditions. not only learns to use a variety of historical sources, but also forms the skills of conducting a scientific discussion.

The topics of projects on history can be general, relating to certain stages of human development, and also have a narrow focus - on the study of individual events, periods, people. Regardless of the type of activity, any research work involves serious and lengthy preparation, systematization of the material.

Work structure

Topics for projects on history can be proposed by the supervisor, chosen by the students themselves. Despite the fact that the content of the works differs significantly, there are certain general rules that need to be taken into account.

It is necessary to start your scientific activity with thinking through the algorithm of actions, choosing a topic and the purpose of the study. At this stage, the help of a teacher is allowed, the success of all subsequent work of the child directly depends on him.

First example

For example, if a student is interested in toy history, it is important to choose a specific object for study. It is impossible to mention all their types in one work, to collect information about their appearance and use. Toy Story can be limited in its work to one city, family, time period. This gives the material great importance and significance, increases the uniqueness.

The topics of research papers on history related to toys are aimed at developing in the younger generation a sense of patriotism, pride in their city, family, and country.

Among the methods that will be required to carry out such work, we note: conducting a sociological survey, reviewing literary sources, processing the results. Special attention must be paid to the design of the work.

Second example

If a student decided to develop a project on the history of the city, this indicates his indifferent attitude to the past of his country. What can be taken to work? For example, the main historical monuments of the city, the time of their creation are considered as an object. If the work is carried out by a group of schoolchildren, they can develop a route that will include the main attractions of the settlement, their detailed description.

Features of work

History project topics may be related to folk traditions, national rituals, family photos.

Such works allow us to connect several generations at once with a single thread, to develop in the growing Russians a sense of pride in their country. The children learn to independently plan their activities, make decisions, establish contacts with other participants in the educational process.

The topics of history projects that younger students choose mainly relate to a particular family, city. High school students have a large store of knowledge, so their work has a more global scale.

Material for work

We offer you topics of research papers on history. Perhaps they will be of interest to the younger generation of enthusiastic, caring Russian schoolchildren.

• Macedonian in the Hellenistic era.
• What do we know about Alfred Nobel?
• Fortresses and castles of England.
• Past and present of the English alphabet.
• Socio-economic development of Greece.
• Atlantis is a civilization worth learning more about!
• Attica during the collapse of the slave-owning democracy in the work of Aristophanes.
• The history and significance of balloons and airships in Russia before 1918.
• The uniqueness of China.
• History
• Combat equipment in Russia during the X-XVI centuries. and the nature of its creation.
• Martial arts during the period Ancient Russia.
• Boris Godunov: life and meaning for the country.
• What is the Time of Troubles?
• Life of peasants in the Middle Ages.
• The fate of the family in the history of the country.
• Battle of Thermopylae
• Bogatyrs past and present.
• Battle of Borodino through the eyes of the French.
• Gods ancient rome and Ancient Greece.

Examples of research papers related to Russia

For example, the history of the creation of the Slavic alphabet can become the basis of several works at once:

• Life of the Slavs.
• Culture and religion.
• Beliefs of the Slavs.
• The magical world of ancient Russian myths and legends.
• Slavs and Vikings: features of relations.
• Armament of the Slavs.
• The appearance of the first writing.

Fans of the 17th-20th centuries may well study interesting facts related to these historical milestones:

• Great personalities in national history.
• Virtual journey through the USSR.
• The influence of time on the popularity of the historical personality I. V. Stalin.
• The influence of historical processes on the formation of Soviet power.
• The impact of epidemics on the events that took place in Russia.
• The emergence of Russian humanism.
• War of 1812.
• Electoral power as a factor in raising the standard of living of Russian citizens.
• History of names and surnames.
• Heraldry: an inflorescence of history, knowledge and art.
• Cities of Russia in legends and traditions.
• Public holidays as a reflection of the peculiarities of the political regime in our country.
• Welcome to Moscow!
• History of chess.
• Friendship since ancient times.
• Women in the history of our country.
• Life of Lenin.
• Forgotten Pomeranian Russian games.
• Life of Queen Catherine II.
• How did the Moscow region and Moscow.
• The conquest of Siberia.
• Ivan IV the Terrible - the first tsar of Russia.
• Ivan the Terrible: a portrait of a personality based on an era.
• Ivan Susanin is a true patriot of the Russian land.
• The importance of the adoption of Christianity in Russia.
• Iconography in Russia.
• History of the Moscow Kremlin.
• How coins appeared in Russia.
• Russian pancakes - interesting facts.
• History of Russian pancakes.
• Sailing fleet in Russia.

Finally

Modern realities require young people logical thinking, teamwork skills, planning independent activities. Design and research activities in fully contributes to the formation of a harmoniously developed personality, which is ready to be responsible for its actions, will not experience difficulties in searching and processing the flow of information.

Today there is a constant increase in the flow of information in various fields of knowledge. It is important to acquire the skills to quickly respond to all changes, including political and historical areas. Such skills are formed in the younger generation in the course of project and research activities. That is why, after the introduction of new educational standards in Russian primary and secondary education, it became an obligatory stage for schoolchildren to conduct independent research or joint, collective creative projects.

Such activities allow teachers to solve certain educational and educational tasks:

• development of critical and analytical thinking of schoolchildren in the course of creative activity and implementation of educational projects;
• search for talented and gifted schoolchildren and the creation optimal conditions for their full development;
• fostering a sense of patriotism in the younger generation of Russian citizens.

Project activities help children choose their future professional activities, avoid problems in social adaptation, achieve success in educational and various extracurricular activities.

Approximate names of topics on which work can be done by students of ordinary comprehensive schools are given above. They, at the discretion of young researchers and their supervisors, can be changed or supplemented.

Any projects related to the search for historical information about the city, country, era, outstanding personality, allow teachers to fully fulfill the state order.

New realities present special requirements to the content, forms of national education, including the study of the foundations of history. Projects carried out within individual themes will become great way self-improvement and self-development of the younger generation.

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1 History Research Topics The following history research topics are recommended for students in Grade 5, Grade 6, Grade 7, Grade 8, Grade 9, Grade 10, and Grade 11. Topics listed design work history can be taken as a basis, supplemented and changed. History of Ancient Russia, History of the USSR, History of the Great Patriotic War, History of Russia, History of Ukraine, History of Crimea: Do you know the history of your school? Alexander the Great. The era of Hellenism. Alfred Nobel. English castles and fortresses. English alphabet past and present. Anime is a youth subculture. Arabic calligraphy Armenia is the birthplace of my ancestors. Archaic Greece VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Socio-economic development of Greece. GUPVI archipelago. Chinese architecture. Architecture. Culture and buildings. Atlantis - a civilization that does not exist! Atlantis myth or reality? Attica during the collapse of the slave-owning democracy in the works of Aristophanes. Achilles and his image in art. Balloons and airships: history and service in the Russian army until 1918. Wormwood does not grow without a root, or the history of one kind. Berezina. Mysteries of Napoleon's Treasures. Berlin Wall. How much in this word... Fearless knight of the sky. Battle of Thermopylae. Bogatyrs past and present. Gods of Ancient Egypt. Gods of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Gods and Myths of Ancient Greece. Fighting vehicles of the past. Battle of Borodino through the eyes of the French. The struggle of patricians and plebeians. Brandenburg Gate. Is the British Royal Family a relic of the past? Buddhism as a religion. Was there a global flood? Was the collapse of the Roman Empire or was it reborn? Life of the inhabitants of ancient Egypt. Life and everyday life of the Evenks at the end of the 20th century. Life, religion and culture of the Aztec civilization. In the valley of the pyramids.

2 In search of the Holy Grail: from the origins to the present day. UK currency. Vandalism. Vatican. State within a state. An introduction to the history of ancient Greece. Great French revolution gg. Great Bulgars. Great personalities in history. Great discoveries. Christopher Columbus. Great rulers of the Middle Ages. Great Civilizations of the East. Great explorer of the Arctic. Great Britain in the 19th century Relations between the Russian and Byzantine churches. The Vikings are the creators of the history of navigation. Virtual tour of Egypt. Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Influence of ancient Egypt on the present. The influence of time and religion on the popularity of the historical personality of A. Macedonian. Influence of historical processes on lexical borrowings. The influence of the Celts on the language and culture of Great Britain. The impact of epidemics on historical events that took place on Earth. Military sports training in Ancient Greece. Origin of life on Earth. The emergence and development of writing. The emergence and evolution of writing. The rise of Italian humanism. The emergence of a new religion of Christianity. Chronology of events in time and space. Warriors and knights of the Middle Ages. Warriors and soldiers of different eras through a toy. War of 1812. War of the scarlet and white roses. History project topics: War in Finland (memoirs of participants). Wars in Ancient Greece in the 1st century BC Rise of Spartacus. It all started with a wheel. The global flood as a projection of earthly cataclysms and catastrophes. Following Anna Yaroslavna, Queen of France... Electoral power as a condition for raising the standard of living of citizens. Higher education in the UK. Gastronomic holidays in France. Genealogical tree. History of names and surnames. Genealogy. The story of my family. Henry VIII was an English monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Heinrich Vogeler (on the occasion of the 135th anniversary of the artist's birth). Heinrich Schliemann: polyglot and successful man. Geometric features of the construction of arches in various historical eras, architectural

3 styles. Geometric ornament of the ancient Arabs and its modern interpretation. Heraldry. Heraldry of English football clubs. Heraldry: an inflorescence of history, art and knowledge. heraldic monsters. Heroes of Greek mythology in the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". A city forgotten by history. Tragedy of Troy. A city born from dust. Cities of Germany in legends and traditions. State and national symbols of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. Public and religious holidays in the Arab world. Public holidays as a reflection of the political regime in the country. Gothic cathedral as a symbol of the universe. "Grail" fact or fiction? American Civil War. Greco-Persian Wars. Georgian-Ossetian conflict in the aspect of international humanitarian law. Hun Attila. In the bag. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill. A hat trick. Ten most famous clocks in the world. Children different peoples. Dixon of the Arctic is the capital. Dynasties of English kings (Anglo-Saxon dynasty). Welcome to Paris! Dolmens Black Sea coast Caucasus. Dolmens are an ancient mystery of our time. Ancient Babylonian society according to the laws of Hammurabi. Ancient Greek myths about Troy and the Trojan War. The ancient Greek Argonaut Jason was the first industrial spy. Ancient Greek city of Chersonese Magadan. historical parallels. Ancient Egyptian costume. Ancient states: facts of history. ancient inventions. History of chess. Ancient ships. Ancient Civilizations of North America. Ancient Egypt and its sights. Ancient China. Qin Empire. Ancient China: mythology and reality. Ancient Rome. Ancient myth and modernity. Ancient Armenia: origins, traditions, culture. Ancient Greece in modern world. Ancient India. Ancient Maya civilization. Friendship since ancient times. Uncle Ben. The history of the creation of one of the towers of parliament. Egypt gift of the Nile. The Egyptian pyramids are a storehouse of scientific knowledge. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his legacy.

4 Jeanne D, Arc saint or witch? Joan of Arc is the national heroine of France. The woman pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Women in history. Women and politics. Women rulers. Cruel kings and queens of Britain. The life path of Confucius. The life of Queen Victoria. The life of primitive people. The life of pharaohs. Dwellings of ancient nomads. Forgotten about Turkey The Mystery of Loch Ness Mysteries of Ancient Egypt Mysteries of Tutankhamun's Tomb Mysteries of the Egyptian Pyramids Mysteries of Glass The Mysterious Templars The Castles of England The Castles of Bavaria The Castles of Great Britain The Castles of the Loire history of occurrence. Castles of Japan. Castles and palaces of Germany, their legends. Hever Castle in England. Castle on the rock. Zeus from Mount Olympus. Acquaintance with Serge. Significance of the discoveries of Christopher Columbus. From the history of paper. From the history of numismatics. From the history of the locomotive. From the history of the horseshoe. From the Exupery tribe. Images of birds in different cultures. The invention of the wheel revolutionized the development of mankind. Studying my family history. Imperial features in the philosophical and religious ideas of the ancient Incas. India. The Institute of Monarchy in Modern Europe. US Presidency Institute: Past and Present. Interesting facts from the life of the Indians. Interesting facts from the life of spoons. Interesting facts about national flags. Johannes Gutenberg and his "black" art of typography. Art of Ancient India. The art of primitive man. The art of the tea ceremony. Islam as one of the world religions.

5 Islam as part of the culture of the Tatar people. Islam: past, present, future. Islamic factor in foreign policy USA (s). Study of the Greek influence on the Scythian culture. Study of the history of cities founded by Alexander the Great. Study of the nicknames of Russian and Byzantine rulers in the 10th-12th centuries. Historical and cultural heritage of Ancient Egypt. Historical and linguistic significance of French fashion. Historical and psychological portrait of Queen Elizabeth I of England. A historical figure that I want to be like. Historical reconstruction of the battle on Vokhna. History of England in the Middle Ages. The history of England in the mirror of architecture. History of Ancient Greece. History of the Igrimskie schools. History of Halloween. History of the Eiffel Tower. History of English holidays. History of English, American and Russian monetary units. History of architectural styles. Ballet history. History of the British royal dynasties and their contribution to the development of Britain. Bicycle history. History of things. Phone. History of the Olympic Games. History of the rise and spread of Christianity. The history of the origin of the doll. History of heraldry. History of ancient England. Railway history. History of the Life of Queen Victoria. The history of the dwelling: from the past to the future. History of zoos in the world. History and culture of Norway. History and culture of the peoples of the North: bone carving art. History and legends of the Nevyansk tower. Cinema history. History of the bell. History of the crusaders and their campaigns. Spoon history. History of the Tower of London. History of medicine. Museum history. History of the German currency. History of public transport in England. History of weapons. Points history. History of piracy. History of the lost village. History of writing. Origin and development.

6 History of the Intercession Church: epochs, events, people. The history of the accession of Wales and Northern Ireland to the United Kingdom. The history of the development of ancient Egyptian civilization. History of development of the international relations of the USA. The history of the development of sailing ships. Postal history. The history of the development of machine tool building. History of the Memorial. The history of the creation of dishes. History sundial. History of matches. The history of terrorism and methods of combating it. Iron history. History of the piano. History of football. History of chemical weapons. History of edged weapons. History of shamanism. History, language and culture of the American Indians. Disappeared land. Lost monuments. Disappeared Civilizations. How people learned to count time. How do humans master fire? How did cars come about? How did telephone communication develop? How did you study in ancient Egypt? How did the bread come to the table? What are sweets and where did they come from? What were the first books? Calendars of time Calendar and its history. Cardinal Richelieu. Carinthia is a federal province of Austria. China. Is globalization coming from the East? Cleopatra VII. Cowboys: myth and reality. When and where meet New Year. Wells. Bells and bell ringing. War assignments. According to the memoirs of participants in military operations in Chechnya. Queen Victoria and her era. Queen Elizabeth II. The Royal Family of Great Britain is a symbol of power. King Arthur: Reality or Legend? Bullfighting. Corruption is a social evil. Crusades. Peasant and farmer: power of the land or power over the land? Cryptography. The basics of encryption and the history of development. Who are the gladiators.. Culture of the XIX century.

7 Culture of Ancient Egypt. Culture of Ancient Greece. Kurgan through the eyes of children. The legend of Joan of Arc. The legend of the Scythians and Sarmatians. The legendary Joan of Arc. Legendary and historical figure Toyon Lögyöy. Legends of the Vishera stones. Battle on the Ice. Personalities in the history of cryptography. London past and present. London is a city of 20 centuries of history. Landmarks of London and the main tourist sites. London: past and present. Tower of London. Only mountains can be better than mountains! Flax is a companion of female destiny. The magic of bells. Maya: The Lost Civilization of Pre-Columbian America. Small nations in the modern world. International conflicts: Iran and Iraq. Medieval man's menu. Mesopotamia. Metal from Atlantis. Metro yesterday, today, tomorrow. Japanese sword and European sword: a long road to nowhere. Mycenaean civilization. World terrorism. The global financial crisis and the Great Depression in the United States. The myth of Osiris. Mythical animals. Mythical inhabitants of the waters. Mythological dictionary. Ancient Greece. Myths of Ancient Greece. Gods and deities. Myths and legends of Ancient Greece. Myths and legends of the English-speaking peoples. Myths and legends about animals from different peoples of the world. Myths and legends about constellations. Myths and reality in the riddles of the pyramids. Fashion of ancient Egypt. Cheese forge model. My favorite English holidays. Monarchy. Shaolin Monastery. Mongolian empire of Genghis Khan. Mongol invasion XII XIII centuries. and the death of the ancient Khakassian state. Coins are witnesses of history.

8 Sea robbers. Bridge connecting Europe and Asia. Museums and galleries in London. At the dawn of mankind... (All about the Stone Age). Napoleon. The role of personality in history. Rock chronicle. Science and education in Ancient Greece. Our view of the war in Spain Skyscrapers: yesterday and today. A true story about the past and present of our family. Unknown Golden Horde. German car companies. Unusual secrets of China. The complex history of a simple pencil. Unsolved mysteries of Batu Khan. Ninja spies of the Middle Ages. Deification of animals in the religion of the Egyptians. Defense of Sevastopol. The image of the dragon in Chinese mythology. The image of a female goddess in Greek mythology. The image of a horse in the culture of the Indo-European peoples. The Education of the American Nation. Petrified Witnesses. Olympic gods. Olympic Games in Ancient Greece. Olympic Games in antiquity. Olympic Games: history of origin. Olympic symbols. Features of the burial ceremony in ancient Egypt. Saipan Island is a wonderful corner of the USA The Patriotic War of 1812 through the eyes of the French. Napoleon's mistake. Fall of Constantinople. Parisian commune. The Parliament of Great Britain and its main characteristics. Steam locomotive: how it all began. Sailboats: history, principle of movement. Peloponnese in the VIII VI centuries. BC World War I: subjectivism in assessing historical events and phenomena. The first state in the Nile Valley myth or reality? The first cars. Feast of Belshazzar. The Pyramid of Cheops is one of the seven wonders of the world. Pyramids of Egypt. Pyramids in the past, present and future. Pyramids of the world. Pyramids are a source of coded information or a conversation with eternity.

9 Pirates in history and literature. Pirates past, present and future. Letters in the absence of writing. Writing of Ancient Egypt. In the footsteps of ancient civilizations. Egypt. In the footsteps of lost civilizations. Labors of Hercules. Princess Olga's trip to Constantinople. Political portrait of Otto von Bismarck. The political aspect of Russian-Chinese relations in the 90s of the XX century. the beginning of the XXI century. Why did Ancient Egypt and the states of Western Asia submit to the young Persian State? Why do the military salute? Why do Chinese people eat with chopsticks? Why are mummies well preserved? Why did the Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations in 1939 fail? Legal regulation of relations in the Frankish society in the Merovingian period. Holidays of Ancient Rome. Prerequisites for the heyday of the Arab Caliphate. President is a dangerous profession. US Presidents. Princess Diana is a national heroine of Great Britain. Nature is the main passion of the British. The reason for the re-flourishment of the Shinto religion in Japan in the 13th century. Reasons for the cessation of the conquest of new territories by the armies of the Roman Empire. Causes of the dawn and sunset of the era of condottieri in the XIV-XVI centuries. Origin and development of ancient Greek theater. Origin of writing. Origin of law. The origin of the nicknames of the states of North America. Curse of the pharaohs. Phoenix bird: fact or legend? Punic Wars The development of democracy in Athens in the VI-V centuries. BC. and in medieval Europe in a comparative aspect. Has the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids been solved? Revolution in the Netherlands. Religion of the ancient Greeks. Religion of the ancient Slavs and Egyptians: a comparative analysis. The religion of the Slavs before the adoption of Christianity. The Roman army in the ancient period of history. Role of Oliver Cromwell in the Long Parliament. The role of traditions in the culture of Scotland. Knights of the Middle Ages. Knight culture. Knighthood in the Middle Ages. Knight who is he: a robber or a model of nobility? S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin reformers of the early XX century. Samurai in the sociocultural space of Japan. Wedding rites of the peoples of the world. Holy fast Ramadan. Tower Secrets.

10 How old is the samovar? Treasures of the Silk Road. Socio-psychological analysis of the personalities of Alexander I and Napoleon. Are the laws of Hammurabi fair? Comparative characteristics of the ancient Sumerian, ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek religions. Comparative analysis weapons and equipment of medieval warriors. Medieval edged weapons. medieval castles. Samurai steel. Old castles of Great Britain: their past and present. Stonehenge legend of England Stonehenge: history and legend. Pages of British History. The Sphinx is the great mystery of the desert. The mysterious stones of Stonehenge. Secrets of the Great Wall of China. Secrets of the ancient Egyptians. Secrets of the ancient peoples of the British Isles. Secrets of ancient civilizations. Egypt. Secrets and mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids. Who built them and why? Mayan secrets. Secrets of Queen Hatshepsut. Templars. Tartan as the main element of the Scottish national costume. Theoretical postulates of the Islamic way of development in the years of the twentieth century. Terracotta army of Qin Shi Huang. The tragedy of September 11, 2001. Results and consequences. tradition of chivalry. Triumphal arches of Russia and France, dedicated to the war of 1812. Trojan War. Truth or fiction? Tutankhamun is a living image of Amon. Winston Churchill: a man of legend. Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. Fascism as a socio-political trend of the XX century. A phenomenal rise to worldwide fame for the Barbie doll. Philosophers of antiquity: about society and man. Enlightenment philosophers of the 18th century. Phoenician purple. Florence Nightingale. Formation of the polis system in Attica. Francesco Petrarch is a great humanist. Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Nuclear Armageddon. Steel arms. Civilization of Minoan Crete. Mayan civilization. British tea traditions. Charlie Chaplin. Watches are a great invention of mankind.

11 Man underwater. Genghis Khan barbarian or creator? What do we know about chocolate? wonders of the world ancient world. Chess art. Checkers. Scottish Order of the Thistle. E. Che Guevara as a symbol of freedom in youth culture. The evolution of automobile engines. The evolution of the human dwelling. The evolution of writing tools. The evolution of the costume from ancient times to the present day. Watch evolution. Eiffel Tower: construction history, design features, interesting facts. Ethnic traditions of China. Ethiopia is an ancient Christian country, a stronghold of Orthodoxy on the Black Continent. Sea of ​​Japan in history.

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Approximate topics of research papers.

Alexander the Great. The era of Hellenism.
Alfred Nobel
English castles and fortresses.
English alphabet past and present.
Arabic calligraphy
Archaic Greece VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Socio-economic development of Greece.
Chinese architecture
Architecture. Culture and buildings.
Atlantis - a civilization that does not exist!
Atlantis - myth or reality?
Attica during the collapse of the slave-owning democracy in the works of Aristophanes.
Achilles and his image in art.
Balloons and airships: history and service in the Russian army until 1918.

Combat equipment in medieval Russia X-XVI centuries. and features of its manufacture.
Martial arts of ancient Russia.
Martial arts of Ancient Russia.
Boris Godunov
Was there an alternative in the development of Russian society at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries? during the Time of Troubles?
Was Ivan IV the most cruel ruler in the 16th century?
Life of peasants in the XVI century.

Bestiary

Wormwood does not grow without a root, or the history of one kind.
Berezina. Mysteries of Napoleon's Treasures.
Berlin Wall. How much of this word...
Fearless Sky Knight
Battle of Thermopylae
Bogatyrs past and present.
Gods of Ancient Egypt
Gods of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
Gods and myths of ancient Greece
War machines of the past
Battle of Borodino through the eyes of the French.
Struggle between patricians and plebeians
Brandenburg Gate
Is the British Royal Family a relic of the past?
Buddhism as a religion.
Buchenwald
Was there a global flood?
Life of the inhabitants of ancient Egypt
Life and everyday life of the Evenks at the end of the 20th century.
Life, religion and culture of the Aztec civilization.

Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky.
Beliefs of the Eastern Slavs
Beliefs of the ancient Slavs. Paganism.
The beliefs of the Slavs as the superstitions of modern man.
Vikings and Slavs: the history of relationships.
Influence of Norman culture on the development of the Old Russian state.
Influence of the policy of Ivan III on the historical development of Russia in the 15th century.
The emergence and formation of the Moscow principality as a center of statehood and spiritual culture.
The emergence of writing among the Slavs.
The magical world of the legends of Ancient Russia.
Wars of the ancient Slavs.
Armament of the Slavic warriors.

In the valley of the pyramids
In Search of the Holy Grail: From the Beginnings to the Present Day.
UK currency
Vandalism.
Vatican. State within a state.
Great French Revolution 1789-1799
Great Bulgars
Great personalities in history.
Great discoveries. Christopher Columbus.
Great rulers of the Middle Ages
Great Civilizations of the East
Great Britain in the 19th century
Relations between the Russian and Byzantine churches.
The Vikings are the creators of the history of navigation.
Virtual tour of Egypt.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
The influence of ancient Egypt on modern times
The influence of time and religion on the popularity of the historical personality of A. Macedonian.
Influence of historical processes on lexical borrowings.
The influence of the Celts on the language and culture of Great Britain.
The impact of epidemics on historical events that took place on Earth.
Military sports training in Ancient Greece.
Origin of life on earth
The emergence and development of writing.
The emergence and evolution of writing.
The rise of Italian humanism.
The emergence of a new religion - Christianity. Chronology of events in time and space.
Warriors and knights of the Middle Ages
War of 1812
War of the Scarlet and White Rose
Wars in Ancient Greece in the 1st century BC
Rise of Spartacus
It all started with a wheel.
The global flood as a projection of earthly cataclysms and catastrophes.
Following Anna Yaroslavna - Queen of France ...
Electoral power as a condition for raising the standard of living of citizens.
Higher education in the UK

List of possible topics for design and research work.

HISTORY

Introduction.

The list is only a starting point for choosing a research topic. You determine the topic of your research yourself, approving it from your supervisor. You can either come with your theme or choose one of the following. If you are interested in any specific area of ​​history, you can ask for help in choosing a topic. I would like to draw your attention to the section "History of Childhood in the USSR", which we think of as a separate project that combines several research works, which we would like to develop and continue. Within its framework, other topics that you suggest yourself are welcome.

In any case, remember the main thing: topic should beinteresting just for you and we will try our best to help you choose the right one.

Ancient world history

Ancient navigation according to the "Odyssey" (Umansky Leonid)

Ancient Greek tare amphorae (stand design)

Spinning and weaving in the ancient world (stand design) - Lyuba Grigoryan

Roman military presence in Tauric Chersonese.

Construction inscriptions of the Bosporan kings as a historical source

Gladiators in ancient inscriptions. (Puchkov Evgeny)

Battle of Sardis as recounted by Herodotus and Xenophon

Augean stables - myth and reality

The Athenian Agora in the Comedies of Aristophanes

Exchange of Gifts in Homer's Poems (Korneev Boris)

Vases on ancient Greek tombstones / in vase painting

Animals on ancient tombstones / vase painting

Fruits of plants on ancient tombstones / in vase painting

Weapons in ancient vase painting

Cypriot kingdoms and the Ionian uprising against the Persians.

Cyprus in the classical period according to the works of Isocrates.

Reflection Everyday life in ancient Greek gravestones

Ancient shipwrecks. (Gleb Sukachev)

Model of an Ancient Greek Vessel from a School Museum: Problems of Attribution

Images of wreaths on the lists of priestly staff from Olympia (Mitya Zharov)

History of the Middle Ages

Christian and Russian personal names in Novgorod birch bark letters.

Boris Godunov in ancient Russian inscriptions.

Foreigners about monetary circulation in Muscovite Russia.

Fishing in Galich Mersky in the 16th - early 17th centuries. (with stand design).

Storm of Galich in 1450

Medieval "zoology" based on materials from bestiaries.

Old Russian princes - owners of seals from Mogutovo.

The lifestyle of the inhabitants of Mogutovsky estates.

Old Russian cuisine according to Domostroy

Sayings of the Seven Wise Men in the Old Russian "Bee": the problem of selection

Hospitaller Order in Cyprus.

Richard the Lionheart in Cyprus

Griffins of Tsarskoye Selo: on the issue of archaeological and numismatic sources of the image. (Volodina Anastasia)

Structure of inscriptions on old Russian spindle whorls (Maria Balakshina)

Tombstones of the Nikolo-Perervinsky Monastery (Ogorodnikov Sergey)

Dalmatian cities of the late Middle Ages: Split, Dubrovnik, Trogir.

Piracy in the Adriatic Sea in the 16th-17th centuries Uskok movement.

The role of women in the crusades.

Formation of a new historical consciousness of the Renaissance (Analysis of the views of N. Machiavelli)

Patriotic War of 1812

Partisan actions of Denis Davydov (mapping)

The life of the Russian province in the rear of the "Great Army" of Napoleon.

Worldview of Denis Davydov.

Geographical and cultural characteristics of Russia in the memoirs of the soldiers of the "Great Army" of Napoleon I.

Inscriptions on French cannons (Galeev Oscar)

History XIX in.

Implementation of Zemstvo reform through the eyes of eyewitnesses.

Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum as a socio-pedagogical project.

Animals in the service of the imperial family.

The economy of royal luxury: the construction and maintenance of the Tsarskoye Selo palace complex in the 18th-19th centuries.

Unification of Italy (1848-1870). Risorgimento in faces.

History of the Cuban Revolution

The image of a revolutionary and a partisan way of life in the works of Che Guevara

The Mystery of Che Guevara's Departure.

Cuban film revolution

Che Guevara in peacetime.

Socialist Cuba in a unipolar world.

Modern history, anthropology and sociology

Conference "Vyshgorod": topics of reports and geography of participants for 6 years (2005-2010)

The history of project activities in the school "Intellectual".

Personal names and nicknames of students of the Intellectual school.

The collapse of the USSR in the light of numismatics and bonistics.

Changes in the symbolism of domestic coins in 1991-1998.

The story of my family.

Inscriptions on the shovels of the Phanagoria archaeological expedition and the subculture of archaeologists

Russian poetic epitaph of the XX-beginning of the XXI century.

"Cyprus problem" in the Soviet media in the 1970s-1980s

The image of the "Wild West" on both sides of the "Iron Curtain" (based on cinematography)

The Great Patriotic War in the reflection of Soviet and modern Russian cinema (comparative analysis).

Rome through the eyes of Italian filmmakers of the second half of the 20th century. (R. Rossellini, F. Fellini, M. Antonioni)

History of childhood in the USSR

The cult of pioneer heroes in the USSR.

Rituals of transition in the life of a Soviet child

Soviet ritual of admission to the pioneers.

Elite children in the USSR.

The study of foreign languages ​​in the Soviet school: features of the presentation and content of regional studies material.

America in the perception of Soviet children

Comics in the USSR

Interdisciplinary Research

folk calendar in the works of A. Melnikov (Pechersky) "In the Forests" and "On the Mountains".

Riddles of the phonetics of old Russian inscriptions.

Stone-pointer of the way in Russian folklore and literature.

Pits in the cultural layer of Phanagoria.

Design of the website of the department of history

Design of the Internet page of the Mogutovskaya archaeological expedition

Vasily Grigorovich-Barsky and P. S. Pallas: two travelers of the 18th century.

Orders of chivalry, royalty and the papacy in the era of the Crusades (you can use the example of the Kingdom of Cyprus).

Social projects

84. Waste paper collection system at the school "Intellectual"

MOU "Nikolo-Polomskaya secondary school" Research work on history on the topic: "The role of a historical figure in the fate of Russia." The presentation was prepared by Tatiana Serebryakova, a student of the 10th grade. Supervisor: Falina L.V. 2010.

Topic of research work: The role of a historical personality in the fate of the country. Problem: There are many outstanding personalities in our country, but the country still lags behind the advanced states in development.

Hypothesis. Maybe the individual is not allowed to influence the socio-political development of the country. Purpose of scientific work. Determine the role of Russian historical figures of the XX century in the fate of our fatherland.

The urgency of the problem. The complexity and ambiguity of understanding the problem of the role of the individual in history is seen in the example of the same Marxism, despite the fact that, as is known, it most consistently defends the primacy of social laws over other factors of historical development. So, is any person capable of becoming the most important independent factor that changes society (epoch, dominant views) depending on his understanding of the matter, or is he only realizing what was laid down by previous development and inevitably should manifest itself? In other words, would the course of history change in some cases if there were no particular person, or, on the contrary, if the right figure appeared at the right time? The answers to these questions are still of interest to society. Personality is not a simple "cast" from society, but nevertheless has a completely definite attitude towards it with their active mutual influence on each other. In my opinion, this problem is still relevant today.

Plan of scientific work. Description of the problem. Determination of the view of historical science on this issue. Search for information about prominent personalities. Fixing information. Generalization of the received data. Scientific report. Protection of a scientific project.

Research methods. Empirical (generalization and systematization, finding new facts). Theoretical (analysis, synthesis, logical conclusion, formulation general patterns, inductive method - inference from facts to general statements).

Description of the problem. As you know, the role of the most outstanding personality is always a fusion of previous development, a mass of random and non-random events, and its own characteristics. There are many ways to organize society, and therefore, there will be many options for the manifestation of personality, and their amplitude can be huge. Therefore, depending on the different conditions and circumstances, taking into account the characteristics of the place under study, time and individual personality traits, its historical role can range from the most inconspicuous to the most enormous. Sometimes personality plays a decisive role. But it is impossible not to notice that in some epochs even the most outstanding people turn out to be powerless in the face of circumstances. But on the other hand, it is the actions of leaders (and sometimes ordinary people) that determine the outcome of the confrontation and the fate of different tendencies. Any person can have, by the very fact of his existence, his ideas, actions or inaction, directly or indirectly, during his life or even after death, such an impact on his own or other societies that can be considered important, since they left a noticeable mark in history. And further development societies (positive, negative or some other).

View of historical science. S.N. Bulgakov on the role of personality in history. L.P. Krasavin on the role of personality in history. S.L. Frank about the "superman". N.A. Berdyaev on the role of personality in history. LN Tolstoy on the role of personality.

L.P. Krasavin on the role of personality in history. Based on the idea of ​​unity, Krasavin argues (1993) that universal human development, according to his terminology, is “constrictedly” reflected in the development of the “last historical individuality,” that is, in personality. Consequently, the study of history as a state of the socio-psychological sphere of a particular era necessarily involves the study of personality and its significance. Krasavin reveals that the very “influence of a person comes down to the influence of her ideas and words on contemporaries who perceive, understand, are fascinated by or reject these words.” He seeks to show that an “outstanding personality” individualizes the trends of time, nationality, culture, it is “indicative”, symbolic, characteristic for them.

S.N. Bulgakov on the role of personality in history. Bulgakov also considers the question of the role of the individual in history in connection with the problem of causality in history and the possibility of scientific prediction of the development of society. Bulgakov explains the reason for the impossibility of historical predictions not only by the fact that the course of history is determined, along with the sociological reasons already known to us, by the general conditions of historical development, but also by the activity of individuals. And since “every human personality is something absolutely new in history, not amenable to any foresight”, in this sense, Bulgakov considers it possible to assert that the creation of the world cannot be considered complete and continues uninterruptedly. He admits that the influence that can be exerted on the course of development by each individual person can be imperceptibly small (although for great people it reaches tangible proportions), the very possibility of the appearance of certain individuals at different points in history makes predictions of the course of historical development fundamentally impossible.

S.L. Frank about the "superman". According to Frank, struggle and creativity, becoming the main task of the individual, should be devoted to creating conditions for the free development of all the spiritual abilities of a person and for the free satisfaction of his spiritual claims.

N.A. Berdyaev on the role of personality in history. Berdyaev believes that each person has his own purpose in life, and it is impossible, Berdyaev believes, to regard individual goals from the point of view of the generally useful. This changes the role of the individual in the historical process, in which until now the best people the most useful and adapted, the creators of everyday life.

LN Tolstoy on the role of personality. Tolstoy believes that personality does not play a role in history. It is only included in the general movement of historical processes and can have some influence on the top of the historical tsunami, but it has never been initiated by a person. One of the people who, taking advantage of “every moment of freedom”, not only directly participates in events, but is also gifted with the ability, instinct and mind to penetrate into the course of events and grasp, comprehend their common meaning, who is one with the people, deserves the name of a truly great man, genius. There are few of them. Kutuzov belongs to them, and Napoleon is his antipode.

Historical figures Outstanding personalities in the economic sphere. Outstanding personalities in the social sphere. Outstanding personalities in the political sphere. Outstanding personalities in the spiritual realm.

Outstanding personalities in the economic sphere. Witte S.Yu. Stolypin P.A. Kosygin A.N. Pavlov V.S.

Witte.S.Yu Witte S.Yu. Russian statesman, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The main achievements of Sergei Witte: Manifesto on October 17, 1905. With his active participation, state reforms were carried out, including the creation of the State Duma, the transformation of the State Council, the introduction of electoral legislation and editing the Basic State Laws of the Russian Empire. He actively contributed to the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the CER. Carried out a monetary reform in 1897. Developed a reform program implemented by P. A. Stolypin. He was a supporter of the accelerated development of industry and the development of capitalism. Carried out reform of the taxation of industry. Contributed to the introduction of the state "wine monopoly" on alcohol. He showed outstanding diplomatic skills (the Alliance Treaty with China, the conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace with Japan, the trade agreement with Germany).

Stolypin.P.A. Stolypin P.A. (1862-1911), Minister of the Interior and Chairman of the Council of Ministers Russian empire(since 1906). In 1903-06, the governor of Saratov, where he led the suppression of peasant unrest during the revolution of 1905-07. Main achievements, Stolypin: In 1907-11 he determined government policy. In 1906 he proclaimed a course of socio-political reforms. He began the implementation of the Stolypin agrarian reform. The Stolypin agrarian reform provided great opportunities for the prosperous peasantry: he offered to provide state loans to wealthy peasants and sought to eliminate the system of communal land tenure.

Kosygin A.N. Kosygin A.N. (1904-80), Soviet statesman and politician, twice hero of socialist labor (1964, 1974). In 1948-54 Minister (Finance, Light Industry, etc.) In 1959-60 Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Achievements Kosygin: industrial reform 1965-1970, aimed at strengthening economic incentives and expanding the independence of enterprises. The reform provided for the introduction, along with gross indicators, of the cost of sales, the general wage fund, and the total amount of centralized capital investments.

Pavlov.V.S. Pavlov v. C. Russian statesman and politician. In 1958 he graduated from the Moscow Financial Institute. He worked in the Ministry of Finance. In 1981 he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “Financial plans and balances in the system of economic management. He went down in history as the author of the confiscation reform, which was carried out in January 1991. In August 1991, he supported the so-called State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP), who was trying to carry out a coup d'état. brought to criminal responsibility; released from custody under the amnesty of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in 1994. Since the late 1990s. He headed the Institute for Research and Promotion of the Development of Regions and Industries under the International Union of Economists.

Outstanding personalities in the social sphere. Trotsky L.D. Brusilov A.A. Frunze M.V. Budyonny S.M. Chapaev V.I. Zhukov G.K. Panfilov I.V. Shoigu S.K.

Trotsky L.D. Trotsky L.D (1879-1940), Russian politician. In the social democratic movement since 1896. From 1904 he advocated the unification of the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions. In 1905, he basically developed the theory of "permanent" (continuous) revolution. de facto leader of the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies, editor of its Izvestiya. In 1917, chairman of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, one of the leaders of the October armed uprising. One of the creators of the Red Army, personally led its actions on many fronts of the civil war.

Brusilov A.A. Brusilov A.A. (1853-1926), Russian military leader, cavalry general (1912). 1st world war commander of the 8th Army in the Battle of Galicia, from 1916 commander-in-chief of the southwestern front, carried out a successful offensive (so-called Brusilovsky breakthrough). In May - July 1917 the supreme commander. From 1920 in the Red Army, in 1923-1924 cavalry inspector.

Frunze M.V. Frunze M.V. (1885-1925), Russian and Soviet political and military figure. In 1905 he led the Ivanovo-Voznesensk strike. In 1909-10 he was twice sentenced to death. During the civil war, the commander of the army, the southern group of troops of the eastern front, the eastern, Turkestan fronts. In 1924-25, deputy chairman and chairman of the RVS of the USSR, deputy people's commissar and people's commissar for military and naval affairs, at the same time chief of staff of the Red Army and head of the military academy. Under the leadership of Frunze, a military reform was carried out in 1924-25. Works in the field of military science, was engaged in the formation of the Soviet military doctrine. Since 1921 a member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), since 1924 a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee.

Budyonny S.M. Budyonny S.M. Soviet military and statesman; Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935), three times Hero of the Soviet Union (1958, 1963, 1968). In February 1918, he created the Platovsky cavalry detachment, at the head of which he fought with the Whites, he showed himself well in the battles near Tsaritsyn, where he was noticed by I.V. Stalin, who began to patronize the cavalry commander. Subsequently, many commanders who served under Budyonny would become Stalin's personnel support in the army. During the Soviet-Polish war, the first cavalry army, led by Budyonny, broke through the front near Zhitomir on June 5-6 and then successfully advanced to Lvov as part of the southwestern front. The first cavalry also acted against N. I. Makhno and in Transcaucasia.

Chapaev V.I. Chapaev V.I. Soviet military leader, hero of the civil war. Since 1918, he commanded a detachment, a brigade and the 25th rifle division, which played a significant role in the defeat of the troops of A.V. Kolchak in the summer of 1919. Wounded during a raid by the Ural Cossacks, he drowned while trying to swim across the Urals. The image of Chapaev is captured in the story of D. A. Furmanov "Chapaev" and the film of the same name.

Zhukov G.K. Zhukov G.K. (1896-1974), Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), four times Hero of the Soviet Union (1939, 1944, 1945, 1956). Member of the battle on the river. Khalkhin-Gol (1939). Since 1940, the commander of the Kiev Military District. In January - July 1941 Chief of the General Staff - Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. During the Great Patriotic War, he proved himself to be a talented commander who played a crucial role in the defeat of the Nazi troops in the battles of Leningrad and Moscow (1941-42), in breaking the blockade of Leningrad, in the battles of Stalingrad and Kursk (1942-43), in the offensive on the right bank Ukraine and in the Belarusian operation (1943-44), in the Vistula-Oder and Berlin operations (1944-45). On behalf of the Supreme High Command on May 8, 1945, he accepted the surrender of Nazi Germany. Author of the book "Memories and Reflections"

Panfilov I.V. Panfilov IV (1892/93-1941), Major General (1940), Hero of the Soviet Union (1942, posthumously). During the Great Patriotic War, the commander of the 316th rifle division, who fought heroically in the battle of Moscow (see Panfilovites). Killed in battle.

Shoigu S.K. Shoigu S.K. Russian statesman and public figure, lieutenant general (1995). Hero of Russia (1999). While still a builder, he created voluntary rescue teams that traveled to areas of natural disasters. In 1991, he became chairman of the Russian rescue corps. In 1993, he headed the Russian part of the joint commission for the settlement of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict. In 1993, he headed the Russian part of the joint commission for the settlement of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict. In 2000, he was appointed Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters.

Outstanding personalities in the political sphere. Nicholas II Plehve.V.K. Zinoviev.G.E. Kamenev.L.B. Lenin.V.I. Stalin.I.V. Khrushchev.N.S. Brezhnev.L.I. Gorbachev.M.S. Yeltsin.B.N. Putin.V .IN

Nicholas II Nicholas II Alexandrovich the last Russian emperor(1894-1917). His reign coincided with the rapid industrial and economic development of the country. During the reign of Nicholas, Russia turned into an agrarian-industrial country, cities grew, railways and industrial enterprises were built. Nikolai supported decisions aimed at the economic and social modernization of the country: the introduction of the gold circulation of the ruble, the Stolypin agrarian reform, laws on workers' insurance, universal primary education, religious tolerance. When a strong social movement arose in favor of political reforms, he signed a manifesto on October 17, 1905, democratic freedoms. In 1906, the State Duma, established by the tsar's manifesto, began to work. For the first time in Russian history, the emperor began to rule in the presence of a representative body elected by the population. Russia gradually began to transform into a constitutional monarchy. In 1907 Russia became a member of the Entente, in which it entered World War I. Shot with his family. In 2000 he was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

VK Pleve VK Pleve (1846-1904), Russian statesman. Since 1902, Minister of the Interior and chief of a separate corps of gendarmes. He pursued a policy of disintegrating the revolutionary movement from within, suppressing strikes and peasant uprisings. One of the active supporters Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. Killed by the Socialist-Revolutionary E. S. Sozonov.

Zinoviev.G.E. Zinoviev G.E. Soviet politician. Member of the revolution of 1905-1907. In 1923-1924, together with I. V. Stalin and L. B. Kamenev, he fought against L. D. Trotsky. In the agitational whirlwind of that period, Zinoviev, an orator of exceptional power, occupied a large place. His high tenor voice at first surprised, and then bribed with a peculiar musicality. Zinoviev was a born agitator ... ... at party meetings he knew how to convince, win, bewitch when he came with a ready political idea, tested at mass meetings and, as it were, saturated with the hopes and hatred of the workers and soldiers. In 1936 he was sentenced to death in the case of the "anti-Soviet united Trotskyist-Zinoviev center" and shot.

Kamenev.L.B. Kamenev L.B. Russian and Soviet politician, revolutionary; in October 1917 opposed an armed uprising. In 1925-27 he was a member of the "new" (Leningrad) opposition. The role of Kamenev in the rise of Stalin, starting from the first months of 1917, is very noticeable. In 1935, he was sentenced to 15 years in the Moscow Center case, then 10 years in the Kremlin case.

Lenin. V.I. Lenin (Ulyanov) V.I. Russian political and statesman; founder of the communist party and the Soviet state. One of the first steps of the Leninist government was the ban on freedom of the press. The economy was sacrificed to class interests, which met with a fierce rebuff from the countryside. Lenin decided to create committees of the poor in the countryside. His program was to break the old state structure was practically completed, but the program for creating a new Russia cracks one after another: war, a standing army on a mobilization basis, a one-party system. To save the situation, Lenin introduced compulsory (for evasion - execution) labor service. As a result, the Russian economy was collapsed stagnation of production, theft, hunger, trade was prohibited.

Stalin.IV Stalin IVSoviet statesman and politician, the highest leader of the USSR. Stalin formulated a new strategy for accelerated industrialization and collectivization. Powerful industrial enterprises were created at the cost of ruining agriculture in the course of forced collectivization and dispossession. In 1934 a new repressive body (NKVD) was created. As a result of the Second World War, which fell during the reign of Stalin, the territory of the USSR expanded significantly. The name of Stalin remains a factor in the ideological and political struggle. For some people, he is a symbol of the power of the country. For others, a bloody dictator.

Khrushchev.NS Khrushchev.NS (1894-1971), Soviet state politician, hero of the Soviet Union, hero of socialist labor. From 1909 he worked as a mechanic at a factory and mines in the Donbass. In 1928 he was the head of the organizational department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine, from 1929 he studied at the industrial academy. One of the initiators of the "thaw" in domestic and foreign policy, the rehabilitation of victims of repression; made an attempt to modernize the party-state system, limit the privileges of the party and state apparatus, improve the financial situation and living conditions of the population, make society more open. other states (armed intervention in Hungary, 1956, etc.), the aggravation of military confrontation with the West (Berlin, 1961, and the Caribbean, 1962, crises, etc.), promises to build communism by 1980 - made his policy inconsistent. The dissatisfaction of the state and party apparatus led to the removal of Khrushchev from all his posts in 1964.

Brezhnev. L. I. Brezhnev L. I. Soviet statesman and political figure, since 1964 the first, since 1966 - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Brezhnev took over the country at the moment highest voltage in international relations. After the Caribbean crisis, the danger of an attack by NATO, led by the United States, on the USSR remained very great, and our armed forces were greatly weakened by Khrushchev's cuts and disarmament. And here Brezhnev, without resorting to any threats to "show Kuz'kin's mother", quietly and imperceptibly achieved the restoration of strategic parity with the United States, which ensured the preservation of Soviet power for several more years. The country denied itself everything, if only its security was ensured. This great feat of our people, which required gigantic efforts and expenses, was accomplished under the leadership of L.I. Brezhnev. It was necessary to liquidate the economic councils and restore the ministries and state committees for the branches of the economy, to eliminate the division of the regional party committees into industrial and agricultural ones, to cancel the ridiculous restrictions on the development of personal subsidiary farms of collective farmers and state farm workers.

Gorbachev.MS Gorbachev MS Soviet and Russian statesman and public figure. General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1985-91, President of the USSR in 1990-91. The initiator of perestroika, which led to significant changes in the life of the country and the world (glasnost, political pluralism, the end of the Cold War, etc.). Nobel Peace Prize (1990). It is difficult to overestimate the role of Gorbachev in the history of modern Russia and the Soviet Union that died in the Bose. I'm not sure that without such a personality, the events would have passed in the same sequence and without a lot of blood. Grandiose social, political, cultural changes took place - in all spheres of life, a complete disassembly of the totalitarian state.

Yeltsin. B.N. Yeltsin B.N. The first president of the Russian Federation (1991-1999). Despite numerous mistakes, the role of Boris Yeltsin in the history of Russia is very great. One of the most important achievements of Boris Yeltsin is the adoption of a new democratic constitution. Yeltsin was the guarantor of democratic reforms. President Yeltsin decided to dissolve the Supreme Council of Russia. However, the members of the Supreme Council announced their decision to stay and work in the “White House”, they called on the people to go and defend “ White House” and provoked armed actions. In fact, they pushed the people into a civil war. The only way out of this situation was to resolve the conflict by force, the troops completely surrounded the house of the Supreme Council and continued tank shelling until the middle of the day. Thus, Yeltsin did not allow the outbreak of civil war in Russia. As a result, he returned to Russia its weight as a great power in world politics.

Putin.V.V. PutinV.V. Russian statesman, President of the Russian Federation since 2000. Putin's merits: the restoration of Russian statehood, which did not exist from 1989 to 2002; the awakening of the self-consciousness of the Russian (and primarily Russian, which the frightened ruler immediately began to suppress and discredit) people and a sense of self-worth Russia; incomplete and inconsistent, but still a return to rationality, most noticeable in the awareness of the unconditional hostility of the external environment. ; Creation of an extremely aggressive state-commercial mechanism aimed at covert internal and external expansion. Finally, attention should be paid to Putin's humanism. Putin's merits are indisputable.

Outstanding personalities in the spiritual realm. Education and science. Prose and poetry. Art. Music . Theatre. Cinema. Sport.

Education and science. Popov A.S. Zhukovsky N.E. Pavlov I.P. Timiryazev K. A. Tsiolkovsky K. E.

Popov A.S. POPOV A.S., Russian physicist and electrical engineer, one of the pioneers in the use of electromagnetic waves for practical purposes, including radio communications.

Zhukovsky N.E. Zhukovsky N.E (1847-1921), Russian scientist, founder of modern aerodynamics, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917; corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1894). Works on the theory of aviation, many studies on solid mechanics, astronomy, mathematics, hydrodynamics and hydraulics, applied mechanics, the theory of regulation of machines and mechanisms, etc. Member of the creation of the aerodynamic institute in Kuchino, near Moscow (1904), etc. Organizer and first leader (since 1918) the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI).

Pavlov I.P. Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936), Russian physiologist, creator of the materialistic doctrine of higher nervous activity, the largest physiological school of our time, new approaches and methods of physiological research, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925; academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1907, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1917). Classical works on the physiology of blood circulation and digestion (Nobel Prize, 1904). He introduced into practice a chronic experiment, which allows studying the activity of a practically healthy organism. With the help of the method of conditioned reflexes developed by him, he established that the basis of mental activity is physiological processes occurring in the cerebral cortex.

Timiryazev K. A. Timiryazev K. A. (1843-1920), Russian naturalist, one of the founders of the Russian scientific school of plant physiologists, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917; corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1890). Professor of the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy (since 1871) and Moscow University (1878-1911), resigned in protest against the harassment of students. Deputy of the Moscow City Council (1920). He revealed the patterns of photosynthesis as a process of using light to form organic substances in a plant. Proceedings on the methods of research of plant physiology, the biological foundations of agronomy, the history of science. One of the first promoters of Darwinism and materialism in Russia.

Tsiolkovsky K.E. Tsiolkovsky K.E. (1857-1935), Russian scientist and inventor, founder of modern cosmonautics. Proceedings in the field of aero- and rocket dynamics, the theory of aircraft and airship. In 1879 he passed the exam for the title of teacher externally, he taught physics and mathematics all his life (since 1892 in Kaluga). For the first time, he substantiated the possibility of using rockets for interplanetary communications, indicated rational ways for the development of astronautics and rocket science, and found a number of important engineering solutions for the design of rockets and a liquid-propellant rocket engine. Tsiolkovsky's technical ideas find application in the creation of rocket and space technology.

Prose and poetry. Mayakovsky V. V. Sholokhov M. A. Solzhenitsyn A. I. Tvardovsky A. T. Polevoy B. N.

Mayakovsky V. V. MAYAKOVSKY V. V. Russian poet, one of the brightest representatives of the avant-garde art of the 1910-1920s. A cloud in pants", 1915; "Flute-spine", 1916; "Man" 1916-1917). After 1917, the creation of a socialist myth about the world order (the play Mystery Buff, 1918; the poems 150,000,000, 1921; Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1924; Good!, 1927) and the tragically ", 1922, before the play "Bath", 1929). Reformer of poetic language, had a great influence on the poetry of the 20th century.

Sholokhov M. A. Sholokhov M. A. (1905-84), Russian writer, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1967, 1980). The book "Don stories" (1926). In the novel "Quiet Don" - the dramatic fate of the Don Cossacks during the 1st World War and civil wars, the tragic doom of the hero, plunged into the chaos of historical cataclysms, the problems of the people and the individual in the revolution. In the novel "Virgin Soil Upturned", the image of collectivization is marked by the predetermined ideological attitudes. The unfinished novel "They fought for the Motherland" (chapters in 1943-44, 1949, 1954, 1969) and stories, including "The Fate of a Man" (1956-57), is dedicated to the Great Patriotic War. Publicism. Nobel Prize (1965).

Solzhenitsyn A. I. SOLZHENITSYN A. I. (b. December 11, 1918, Kislovodsk), Russian writer, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1997) .. Preservation of the human soul under totalitarianism and internal opposition to it is a cross-cutting theme of the stories “One Day in Ivan Denisovich" (1962), "Matryona Dvor" of the stories "In the First Circle", "Cancer Ward", absorbing Solzhenitsyn's own experience: participation in the Great Patriotic War, arrest, camps (1945-1953), exile (1953-1956). "The Gulag Archipelago" (1973; distributed illegally in the USSR), - "the experience of artistic research" of the state system of extermination of people in the USSR; In the articles “Repentance and self-restraint as categories of national life”, “Living not by lies”, “Letter to the leaders Soviet Union"(all - 1973) Solzhenitsyn predicted the collapse of socialism

Tvardovsky A. T. TVARDOVSKY A. T. (1910-71), Russian poet, editor-in-chief of the magazine " New world» (1950-54, 1958-70). The poem "Vasily Terkin" (1941-45) is a vivid embodiment of the Russian character and popular feelings of the era of the Great Patriotic War. In the poem "For the distance - the distance" (1953-60; Lenin Prize, 1961) and lyrics (the book "From the lyrics of these years. 1959-1967", 1967) - reflections on the movement of time, the artist's duty, about life and death. In the poem "Terkin in the Other World" (1963) - a satirical image of the bureaucratic deadening of being. In the final confessional poem "By the Right of Memory" (published 1987) - the pathos of the uncompromising truth about the time of Stalinism, about the tragic inconsistency spiritual world man of this time. Tvardovsky enriched and updated the traditions of Russian classical poetry.

Field B. N. FIELD B. N. (1908-81), Russian writer, Hero of Socialist Labor (1974). The Tale of a Real Man (1946) is based on the feat of the pilot A.P. Maresyev. The novel "Gold" (1949-50), novels, short stories. Diaries of the war years, including the book about the Nuremberg trials "In the end" (1968); memories. Chief editor of the magazine "Youth" (since 1962). State Prize of the USSR (1947, 1949).

Art. Vasnetsov V.M. Repin I.E. Surikov V.I. Nesterov M.V. Serov V.A.

Vasnetsov V.M. V. M. Vasnetsov (1848-1926), Russian painter. Brother of A. M. Vasnetsov. Wanderer. Genre paintings (“From Apartment to Apartment”, 1876), lyrical or monumental-epic canvases on the themes of Russian history, folk epics and fairy tales (“After the Battle”, 1880, “Alyonushka”, 1881, “Bogatyrs”, 1881-98) . He acted as a theater artist (The Snow Maiden by A. N. Ostrovsky, 1882, 1886) and a muralist (murals in the Vladimir Cathedral in Kyiv, 1885-96).

Repin I.E. Repin I.E. (1844-1930), Russian painter, Wanderer. He revealed the contradictions of reality (“The procession in the Kursk province”, 1880-83), worked on the theme of the revolutionary movement (“The arrest of a propagandist”, 1880-92; “They did not wait”, 1884-88). In historical canvases, he revealed tragic conflicts (“Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan”, 1885), created vivid freedom-loving images (“The Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan”, 1878-91). In the portraits of his contemporaries, he revealed the personality in psychological and social terms (“M. P. Mussorgsky”, 1881).

Surikov V.I. SURIKOV V.I. (1848-1916), Russian painter. Wanderer. In monumental canvases dedicated to turning points, tense conflicts in Russian history, he showed the main character of the masses, rich in bright personalities, full of strong feelings. Deep in understanding the contradictions of the historical process, Surikov’s works (“Morning of the Streltsy Execution”, 1881; “Menshikov in Berezov”, 1883; “Boyar Morozova”, 1887; “The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak”, 1895) are distinguished by the breadth and polyphony of the composition, brightness and saturation of color . Portraits, watercolors.

Nesterov M.V. NESTEROV M.V., Russian painter, Honored Artist of Russia (1942). State Prize of the USSR (1941). An outstanding representative of Russian symbolism and modernism, a leading master of religious painting of the Silver Age, who managed to organically continue the characteristic lines of his style in the Soviet period. He created poetic religious images associated with the ethical searches of the 1880-1910s. (“Vision to the youth Bartholomew”, 1889-1890, “In Russia”, 1916); painted deep, sharp-character portraits of figures

Serov V.A. SEROV V.A. Russian painter and graphic artist. Son of A. N. Serov. Wanderer, member of the World of Art. Early works (“Girl with Peaches”, 1887) are distinguished by vital freshness, richness of plein-air coloring. -1911); works on the themes of rural life ("October. Domotkanovo", 1895), historical compositions ("Peter I", 1907). Some later works are close to the Art Nouveau style ("Ida Rubinstein", 1910). Master of drawing (" Krylov's Fables", 1895-1911. His work masterfully and artistically expressed almost all the most important aspirations of Russian painting and graphics (primarily the trend towards impressionism and modernity) on the eve of the avant-garde.

Music . Rimsky-Korsakov N. A. Rachmaninov S. V. Vysotsky V. S. Chaliapin F. I. Shostakovich D. D.

Rimsky-Korsakov N. A. RIMSKY-KORSAKOV N. A. (1844-1908), Russian composer, conductor, musician and public figure. Member of the Mighty Bunch. The picturesque and pictorial nature of music, the special purity of the lyrics are inherent in works connected with the world of fairy tales, with the poetry of Russian nature, and pictures of folk life; the role of the images of the East is also important. Rimsky-Korsakov is a master of instrumentation, an innovator of harmony. 15 operas (epic, fairy tale, historical and everyday), including The Maid of Pskov (1872), May Night (1879), The Snow Maiden (1881), Sadko (1896), The Tsar's Bride (1898) ), "Kashchei the Immortal" (1902), "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh ..." (1904), "The Golden Cockerel" (1907); "Spanish Capriccio" (1887), "Scheherazade" (1888) and other compositions.

Rachmaninov S. V. RACHMANINOV S. V. Russian composer, pianist, conductor. In 1904-1906 conductor Bolshoi Theater. From December 1917 he lived abroad. The theme of the motherland is embodied in the work of Rachmaninov with particular force. Romantic pathos is combined in his music with lyrical-contemplative moods, inexhaustible melodic richness, breadth and freedom of breathing - with rhythmic energy. 4 concertos, "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini" (1934) for piano and orchestra, preludes, etudes-pictures for piano, 3 symphonies (1895-1936), fantasy "Cliff" (1893), poem "Isle of the Dead" (1909), "Symphonic Dances" (1940) for orchestra, cantata "Spring" (1902), poem "The Bells" (1913) for choir and orchestra, operas "Aleko" (1892), "The Miserly Knight", "Francesca da Rimini" (both 1904), romances.

Vysotsky V. S. VYSOTSKY V. S. (January 25, 1938, Moscow - July 25, 1980, ibid.), Russian poet, actor, songwriter and performer. Tragic-confessional poems, romantic-lyrical, comic and satirical songs, ballads (collections "Nerv", 1981, "I, of course, will return ..." 1988). In songwriting, he repelled the traditions of Russian urban romance. Since 1964 at the Moscow Theater of Drama and Comedy on Taganka (Khlopusha - "Pugachev" by S. A. Yesenin; Hamlet - "Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare; Lopakhin - "The Cherry Orchard" by A. P. Chekhov and others). He acted in films: "Vertical" (1967), "Short Meetings" (1968), TV films "The meeting place cannot be changed" (1979), etc.

Chaliapin F. I. SHALYAPIN F. I. (1873-1938), Russian singer (bass), National artist Republic (1918). Most of the parties were first performed on the stage of the Moscow Private Russian Opera (1896-99), he sang at the Bolshoi and Mariinsky theaters. Representative of Russian realistic performing arts. He created a gallery of diverse images, revealing the complex inner world of the hero.

Shostakovich D. D. SHOSTAKOVICH D. D., Russian Soviet composer, People's Artist of the USSR (1954), Doctor of Arts, Hero of Socialist Labor (1966), Lenin Prize (1958), State Prize of the USSR (1941, 1942, 1946, 1950, 1952, 1968), State Prize of the RSFSR (1974), International Peace Prize (1954), Sibelius Prize, honorary member of academies and doctor of universities in many countries of the world.

Theatre. Stanislavsky K. S. Danchenko S. V.

Stanislavsky K. S. STANISLAVSKY K. S. (1863-1938), Russian director, actor, teacher, theater theorist. The activities of Stanislavsky had a significant impact on the Russian and world theater of the 20th century. In 1898, together with V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, he founded the Moscow Art Theater. For the first time, he approved the principles of the director's theater on the Russian stage. He sought to create a poetic atmosphere of the performance, to convey the "mood" of each episode, the authenticity of the images, the authenticity of the actor's experience. He staged plays by A.P. Chekhov, where he played roles. Stanislavsky's fantasy was clearly manifested in the productions: The Blue Bird, The Hostess of the Inn, Hot Heart, etc. He developed the methodology of acting creativity, the technique of organic transformation into an image. Since 1918, he headed the Opera Studio of the Bolshoi Theater.

Danchenko S. V. DANCHENKO S. V. (b. 1937), Ukrainian director, People's Artist of the USSR (1988). Since 1978, the main director of the Ukrainian Theater. Franko (Kyiv). State Prize of the USSR (1980).

Cinema. Orlova L.P. Ladynina M.A. Bondarchuk S.F.

Orlova L.P. ORLOVA L.P. (1902-75), Russian actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1950). In 1926-33 at the Musical Theatre. Nemirovich-Danchenko. Since 1955 at the Theater. Moscow City Council. She starred in the musical comedies of her husband, director G. V. Aleksandrov: “Merry Fellows” (1934), “Circus” (1936), “Volga-Volga” (1938) and others. USSR State Prize (1941, 1950).

Ladynina M. A. LADYNINA M. A. (June 28, 1908, the village of Nazarovo, now the Achinsk district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - March 10, 2003, Moscow), Russian film actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1950). The fame of the actress was brought by the main female roles in the films: “The Rich Bride”, “Tractor Drivers”, “Pig and Shepherd”, “At Six P.M. After the War”, “The Legend of the Siberian Land”, “Kuban Cossacks”).

Bondarchuk S.F. BONDARCHUK S.F. Russian film actor and director, People's Artist of the USSR (1952), Hero of Socialist Labor (1980). He acted in films: "Taras Shevchenko", "Jumper", "Unfinished Tale", "Father Sergius". Master of epic cinema, battle scenes. Staged films: "The Fate of Man" (1959, the main role), “War and Peace” (1966-67, “Oscar”, 1969), “They Fought for the Motherland” (1975), “Steppe” (1979), the red bells dilogy (1982). Professor of VGIK (since 1974). Lenin Prize (1960), USSR State Prizes (1952, 1984).

Sport. Tretyak V. A. Kasparov G. K. Kharlamov V. B. Yashin L. I.

Tretyak V. A. TRETYAK V. A. (b. April 25, 1952, village of Orudyevo, Dmitrovsky district, Moscow region), Russian athlete (ice hockey); Honored Master of Sports (1971), goalkeeper of the CSKA team (1969-84) and the USSR national team (1970-84). Olympic champion (1972, 1976 and 1984), world (1970-71, 1973-75, 1978-79, 1981-83), European (1970, 1973-75, 1978-79, 1981-83), USSR (1970) -73, 1975, 1977-84). Member of a series of meetings with Canadian professionals (1972, 1974). Challenge Cup winner (1979). Canada Cup winner (1981).

Kasparov G.K. KASPAROV G.K. (b. 1963), Russian chess player, international grandmaster (1980), Honored Master of Sports (1985). 13th world champion (since 1985), champion of the USSR (1981, 1988). Eight-time Olympic champion (1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2002). 13-time Chess Oscar winner (1982, 1983, 1985-90, 1996), World Cup (1989). Won St. 60 major international competitions (classic timing), incl. approx. 20 super tournaments.

European football player and awarded the Golden Ball prize (1963).

Research result. The influence of the individual on the state of society in different phases of historical development varies from minimal in eras of stability and strength of society to key in eras of a radical breakdown of social foundations. At the same time, a person is able to accelerate or delay the solution of urgent problems, to give the solution special features, to use the opportunities provided with talent or mediocrity. If a certain person managed to do something, then there were already potential opportunities for this in the bowels of society. No individual is capable of creating great epochs if there are no accumulated conditions in society. Moreover, the presence of a person more or less corresponding to social tasks is something predetermined, rather accidental, although quite probable. Consequently, in a normally functioning state, there must be mechanisms that do not bring things to a social explosion and, moreover, severely limit the role of the individual as a sometimes poorly controlled force. This, on the one hand, gives much greater opportunities to manifest itself, and on the other hand, it reduces the dependence of the development of society on the individual “benefactor”, guarantees against excessively harmful influence.

Conclusions. In the process of research, I learned how to work with archival documents, publications and other sources. I have gained experience in research work, I have a deeper understanding of the role of the individual, people, events in the development of the country. This work (presentation) can be used for educational purposes as an additional material.