What makes up extreme tourism. The concept of extreme tourism

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Hunger is not as bad as thirst. A person can go without food for a long time, while maintaining efficiency and clarity of mind. But with a lack of water, fasting weakens the body, reduces its resistance to cold, pain, and physical exertion.

While a person is in a familiar environment, he behaves normally, as always. But with the onset of a complex, personally significant, and even more dangerous, extreme situation, psychological stress increases many times, behavior changes, critical thinking decreases, movement coordination is impaired, perception and attention decrease, emotional reactions change, and much more.

In an extreme situation, in other words, in a situation of a real threat, one of three forms of response is possible:

a sharp decrease in organization (affective disorganization) of behavior

· sharp braking of active actions;

· Improving the efficiency of actions.

Actions, forms of response.

2.2. Extreme tourism. Specificity and basic concepts

Extreme tourism is a sport of courageous people. Overcoming difficulties, they temper their character; participating in expeditions to hard-to-reach places on the Earth, they prove the inexhaustible possibilities of man. For adherents of extreme tourism, home is our entire beautiful planet, which they learn to understand and with which they try to find a common language.

According to the classification of the West German researcher G. Gan, who distinguishes 6 main types of tourists, extreme tourists include:

W-2-type is more of an athlete than an amateur. Withstands long and high, up to extreme, loads. When choosing a tour and a tourist center, such a criterion as "the availability of conditions for hobbies" dominates. Selection criteria such as "landscape, culture, history" are secondary (eg passionate climber, amateur pilot, etc.).

A-type (German Abenteur - "adventure") - an adventure lover. Risk, new sensations, testing one's strength in unexpected situations, danger - this is what determines the choice of the purpose of travel for this type of tourist.

Extreme tourism (ET) is directly related to such a concept as STRESS.

Since stress is associated with any activity, only those who do nothing can avoid it. But who enjoys life without daring, without success, without mistakes? This kind of activity, like ET, has, according to athletes and specialists, healing power and helps to keep the stress mechanisms "in good shape." It is widely known that extreme sports are the best treatment for some mental illnesses, and constant muscle exercise maintains vigor and vitality. It all depends on the nature of the “work” being performed and the attitude towards it.

The extended leisure of forced retirement or solitary confinement - even if food and housing are the best in the world - is not a very attractive way of life. In medicine, it is now generally accepted not to prescribe prolonged bed rest even after surgery.

On agonizingly long voyages on old sailing ships, when there was often no work for weeks, the sailors needed something to do - washing the deck or painting the boats, so that boredom did not turn into a riot. The same consideration of stress-producing boredom applies to nuclear submarine crews on long voyages, to Antarctic winterers unable to move for months due to bad weather, and even more so to astronauts who face prolonged loneliness in the absence of sensory stimuli. During the oil crisis, the three-day work week in England shattered many families, pushing workers to pubs for "leisure time". Many old people, even openly declaring themselves selfish, after retirement, cannot bear the feeling of their own uselessness. They do not want to work for the sake of earning - after all, they understand too well that the end is near and you cannot take money with you to the grave. As Benjamin Franklin aptly put it, "There's nothing wrong with retiring, as long as it doesn't affect your work in any way."

III. Types and features of extreme tourism

Extreme sports, extreme tourism… Lately we hear so often the concept of "extremal".

What types of tourism are considered extreme? IN last years in the world are considered extreme:

mountaineering

rock climbing

ice climbing

Conquest of volcanoes and descents into the crater (human survival in an aggressive environment)

orientation

speleology

paragliding

mountain tourism on especially dangerous routes

water tourism, extreme alloy (rafting)

autotour-rally (off-road driving)

mountain climbing and downhill skiing

multi-day horseback riding on difficult terrain

Hot air ballooning, desert kart racing, exploration in small ultra light planes

survival in the wild, etc.

What unites extreme tourists? First of all, professionalism and, of course, love - love for one's work, for travel, for native and not only nature, for time-tested friends.

3.1. Alpinism, rock climbing, ice climbing

Preparing a climber is a creative process. And there is no place for dogmas and recipes for all occasions.

It is known that in any sport the most important point is the systematic training. Especially in rock climbing. It is impossible to learn how to climb well if you do it occasionally. Even if these cases happen often enough. The body must know what they want from it and adapt to the loads. And, of course, you have to go all out. This scheme can be simplified as follows. Yesterday you did 30 pull-ups. Today die, but pull yourself up 31 times. And all this so that tomorrow you can do 32 times. Only then is real progress possible. He comes back to us as a super-compensation in exchange for hard training. And with reasonable planning of days of rest and training, there will be no limit to the possibilities. It just doesn't exist at all. Climbing is a rather subtle and spiritual sport. It also includes a peculiar, partly ascetic way of life. Good physical shape is only 50% of success. The other 50% is much more difficult to train. You have to get into them, feel them. It is a state of lightness at all levels of consciousness. Every muscle, vein, even thoughts are controlled and completely controlled. It is far from always possible to enter the state of such an equilibrium system. And at such moments you think, well, what do you lack??? It seems that the route is according to the level, but it does not go, and that's it!

I want to feel like "walking on a razor's edge."

Finally, I would like to once again recall such an important concept as internal balance. Endurance, strength, tenacity - this is only half the battle. The other half is the state of the whole organism as a single balanced system. Auto-training, yoga, meditation are by no means alien to advanced rock climbing.

In the understanding of the layman, mountaineering is something from a series of mountain climbing. For me, due to the fact that I spent all my childhood in the mountainous region, mountaineering was associated with bright little men on the rocks. This spectacle was extremely interesting and unforgettable, so for the sake of it one could stand for hours next to the climbers' camp, watch their occupation and think about how they do it all so easily. But this is in childhood .... Now the sports lifestyle has become not only fashionable, but its popularity has increased. Especially if there is a share of extreme sports in sports. And in mountaineering this extreme is more than enough.

The term mountaineering is interpreted as climbing high mountains. But such a formulation, of course, is not exhaustive for real climbers. Climbing is a social phenomenon, it is a sport, it is life, it is a state of mind. The climbers themselves will most likely define their occupation as a system of knowledge, skills and abilities that allow a person to successfully and safely live and work in high mountains.

Climbing is part of our sport system. There is no doubt about its healing aspect. Still, fresh mountain air. In general, we can say that every area of human existence will find its advantages in mountaineering. People come to mountaineering, initially predisposed to an active life position. Traveling in the mountains helps to strengthen a consciously active attitude to life. Climbing brings up the ability to analyze standard and non-standard situations, to determine one's place and role in events, elevates goodwill in communication as a principle. Any team of climbers operates in changeable conditions - both in terms of the mood of people and the nature of the habitat. Such a life develops the ability to act reasonably and clearly in any situation.

One of the most necessary qualities of a climber is the desire and ability to learn. It is to study, not just to train. In mountaineering, studies regulated by a single program exist as a continuously acting factor; it accompanies a beginner, iconist, discharger, master, instructor all the time while a person is in the mountains or preparing for them.

3.2. New Zealand is the birthplace of many types of adventure tourism

New Zealand is the birthplace of many types of extreme tourism. Local residents who are actively involved in sports claim that even rafting was invented many decades ago by the Maori, the indigenous people of the country.

Several reasons contributed to the emergence of extreme sports. Magnificent natural conditions: harsh high mountains, stormy rivers, a huge number of caves and sparsely populated protected areas. In addition, the active lifestyle of the New Zealanders themselves. And finally, the almost complete absence of any historical and architectural monuments. To fill this gap, in the "young" countries come up with a variety of attractions to attract tourists. The fantasy of New Zealanders in this area is inexhaustible. They try to complicate even well-known extreme entertainments, making them even more extreme.

Take, for example, diving. Experts believe that the most interesting place for him is in the Bay of Islands - on the northern island, a 4.5-hour drive from the capital of New Zealand, Auckland. There are magnificent coral reefs, and visibility reaches 30 m. And near the town of Port Gore, at a depth of 36 m, you can see a whole cemetery of sunken ships, moving between which is far from always safe. Here, for example, lies at the bottom of the sunken Russian cruise ship "Mikhail Lermontov". Divers claim that the souls of the dead still frighten them. Fans of extreme diving are placed in a special cage and lowered to a shallow depth, where they can face the white shark, one of the most predatory in the world.

Bungy Jumping - the famous "bungee" - the New Zealanders also consider their invention. They say that jumping from a bridge upside down, when there is no more than 10-20 m left to the ground, is the best way to release adrenaline. It is offered to jump upside down even in the center of Auckland, from the famous TV tower. Recently, the "bungee" has been much more complicated. Now tourists are offered to jump into the canyons from a height of 30 to 400 m, as well as from low-flying helicopters. This pleasure costs $30. Some firms offer to jump even into the mouth of a volcano, however, inactive. Bungy Jumping, like many other extreme sports, is very common around Queenstown, a small town in the South Island. Now, by the way, the sixth International Extreme Sports Festival is taking place there.

Another relatively new type of extreme is the water bug, when an athlete, dressed in a life jacket and a helmet, lies down on a board (something like a short plastic sled) and throws himself into a stormy river. Its movements are somewhat reminiscent of the movements of a water strider moving along the surface of the water. The athlete flies over rapids and rapids, clinging to a rescue board.

The jetboat is very popular in New Zealand - rafting on calm rivers on metal boats equipped with a powerful motor. This boat with 10-12 tourists on board spins in place, goes against the current, performs various pirouettes at breakneck speed, making hearts beat faster.

3.3. Rafting, Trekking, bike tours

Many read in childhood the novels of R.L. Stevenson, J. Verne and D. Defoe. Manila romance of unknown roads and a thirst for adventure. They dreamed of becoming a hero and bearing everything that happens to him.

You just can’t sit still, and you are attracted to roads that have not yet been traveled? Do you like to do what others can't or are afraid to do?

An active change of impressions will be provided by rafting, the most extreme and emotional part of adventure tourism.

Sports rafting on mountain rivers, or rafting. The term comes from the name of a rubber inflatable raft, segmentally filled with air.

Rafting is rafting on mountain rivers on special inflatable rafts - rafts. The captain of the team is a professional guide, the rest of the team are sailors who carry out his commands with oars in their hands. Of course, there is a risk, but our approach to organizing travel has reduced it to a minimum. A special helmet, life jacket, will serve you even if you accidentally fall into the water. And to work for pleasure with oars for several hours a day is within the power of any person of normal health. A second wind will give strength for a night fire, intimate conversations and exchange of impressions. Safety, excellent equipment, food, excellent service on the routes - this is the concern of experienced guides who know all the underwater reefs perfectly and are masterfully able to pass the treacherous river rapids.

Description of work

According to one of the travelers, extreme tourism is the top level of tourism in general. When you have already achieved a lot in overcoming the difficulties and dangers that lie in wait on the passes and rifts, there is a feeling that something is still missing. And that means it's time to cross a certain line. The line that separates mere tourism as a type of recreation, and dangerous journeys full of risk.

The content of the work

Introduction ................................................ ................................................. ............... 2
I. Classification of types of tourism.................................................... ....................... 4
1.1. Types of tourism .................................................. ............................................... 4
1.2. Signs of segmentation and the main segments of the tourism market .............................. 5
1.3. Sports and extreme tourism .............................................................. ......... nine
II. extreme situations. Peculiarities of extreme tourism ........ 11
2.1. Emergency situations .................................................................. ............................. eleven
2.2. Extreme tourism. Specificity and basic concepts ........................ 12
III. Types and features of extreme tourism .............................................. 14
3.1. Alpinism, rock climbing, ice climbing .................................................. ......... fourteen
3.2. New Zealand is the birthplace of many types of extreme tourism .............. 16
3.3. Rafting, trekking, bike tours .............................................. ....................... 17
IV. Psychological characteristics of people involved in extreme tourism………………………………………………………………………. twenty
4.1. Psychology of extreme situations. Extreme sports as a model of adaptation in conditions of chronic neuropsychic stress ................................................. ............ twenty
4.1.1. Will and emotions .......................................................... ...................................... 21
4.2. Psychology of people's behavior in emergency situations .............................. 24
4.2.1. Self-diagnosis of stress .............................................................. ......................... 24
4.2.2. Stressful life events .......................................................... ....... 24
4.2.3. Psychological readiness .............................................................. .................... 25
4.2.4. Stress is not just nervous tension............................................... 26
4.2.5. Optimum level of stress .............................................................. ................... 27
4.3. Stages of mental adaptation and disadaptation in the changed conditions of existence 28
Conclusion................................................. ................................................. .... 32
Bibliography................................................ ............................................. 33

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Plan

Introduction

Chapter 1. General characteristics of extreme tourism

1.1 Extreme tourism: history of origin and its essence

1.2 Types of extreme tourism

1.3 Exotic types of extreme tourism

Chapter 2. Safety rules and protective equipment for extreme tourism

2.1 Safety in extreme tourism

2.2 Equipment

Chapter 3. Features of the development of extreme tourism

3.1 Extreme tourism abroad

3.2 Development of extreme tourism in Kazakhstan

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix

INconducting

There are several views in tourism as a phenomenon of the modern world. Tourism as a branch of the economy is the most common statement about tourism, especially by regional leaders and economists. Among the few who do not agree with this view of tourism, the most common opinion is that tourism is an inter-industry complex, or a market dominated by a tour operator, which forms a tourist product from the products of various industries. In the law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On tourism activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan" tourism is presented as an independent type of economic activity, i.e. activities for servicing tourists. Meanwhile, the tourists themselves are firmly convinced that tourism is their (tourists') activity during the holidays. The interest of people in extreme tourism is growing every year. According to some estimates, this segment accounts for more than 10% of the world's tourism market, and the growth rate of extreme travel exceeds the average growth rate of tourism as a whole.

Extreme tourism involves people of different ages and professions, having different family and social status, significantly differing in the level of culture and physical development. Some foreign experts explain the phenomenon of extreme tourism by the change in morals and tastes that have occurred in the West in recent years. A modern person, accustomed to a stable lifestyle and technological progress, needs an adrenaline rush. Extreme tourism is one of the ways to legally satisfy this need, which is gaining more and more popularity among the inhabitants of the modern world every year. They are becoming a kind of commodity now, when trips to the most distant lands are available to many.

The relevance of this work lies in the fact that modern world extreme tourism is becoming an increasingly popular form of spending free time. Rafting on turbulent rivers, ski trips, diving into the depths of the oceans and "soaring" in the clouds - this is how the rest looks now, replacing the "beach and hotel" tourism that preceded it. Tourism acts as a complex social phenomenon that has many facets, since none of the existing sciences can fully and exhaustively characterize it as an object of its own research, and none of the existing socio-economic institutions is able to independently solve the complex of its problems.

The aim of the work is to study and analyze the problems and prospects for the development of extreme tourism in Kazakhstan and abroad.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks are distinguished:

1. to reveal the concept of extreme tourism;

2. Consider the types of extreme tourism;

3. identify the features of the development of extreme tourism;

4. Analyze the features of the development of extreme tourism in Kazakhstan.

Glava 1. General characteristics of extremetourism

1.1 Extreme tourism: history of occurrence and ethessence

Extreme - outstanding, extraordinary actions, usually associated with danger to life. Some modern views sports, which began to be promoted in the world since the 50s of the XX century, gradually began to be called extreme. Such sports include skateboarding, snowboarding, skydiving, rock climbing. Extreme sports are born every day. They are characterized by a high degree of danger to the life and health of the athlete, a large number of acrobatic stunts, a high level of adrenaline, which is released from the athlete during sports. Extreme tourism is one of the types of tourist recreation, to some extent associated with risk. Recently, adventure tourism has been actively developing - a type of tourism that combines all travel associated with active modes of movement and outdoor recreation, with the aim of obtaining new sensations, impressions, improving the physical fitness of the tourist and achieving sports results. Extreme tourism is one of the most dangerous types of tourism, its purpose is to feel the danger. All types of dangers in extreme tourism can be classified according to the nature of the phenomenon and the role of tourists in the occurrence of a dangerous situation. The history of extreme tourism is closely connected with the history of the development of extreme sports, including skysurfing, trekking, heli-skiing, free-ride, rafting, etc. Currently, extreme tourism includes various sports activities associated with risk, and is a very diverse phenomenon. Active recreation is gaining more and more fans among ordinary tourists. Diving, one of the most extreme types, has become especially popular. He is dangerous and exciting. Skydivers and skiers have to make room - the number around the world is growing rapidly. The divers themselves are sure that there is no better rest than diving to a depth of 40 meters with heavy cylinders on their backs. When looking at the numbers, it becomes clear that the spread of diving is comparable only to an epidemic. There are now almost 20 million certified recreational divers in the world.

Skydiving is very popular these days. They started jumping with a parachute more than half a century ago, but they turned into a mass form of recreation only about 15 years ago. Now there are many options for skydiving. This includes skysurfing and group acrobatics. If someone does not like diving under water or jumping from great heights, then you can try windsurfing, which is also a popular form of recreation. An alternative to mountaineering can be a hike through the caves. Impressions from such a trip are usually enough for a long time.

1.2 Types of extreme tourism

Active types of recreation are gaining more and more popularity among ordinary tourists. Extreme tourism is divided into a number of types: air, land, water, mountain and exotic. Let's consider each separately.

Air views. Group acrobatics. This discipline aims to build maximum number different figures by a team of several paratroopers. The classic number of skydivers in a team is 4 or 8. There are also teams of 16 athletes. A team of four people can build about 30 figures during free fall.

Dome acrobatics consists in building formations from canopies of open parachutists. This is fundamentally different from other types of parachuting, where work on the result goes before the opening of the parachute (except for jumps for precision landing). When performing figures of dome acrobatics, the parachutes come into direct contact with the parachutes of other athletes, and blockages often occur. Therefore, skydivers involved in dome acrobatics need special equipment. After all the figures are built, there comes a stage when the paratroopers must separate from each other and make a landing approach. This is the most difficult and dangerous part of the exercise. If the canopies are caught on each other, even actuating the canopy release locks may not help and the canopy will not come off. Opening the reserve parachute in such a situation is quite dangerous. This makes dome acrobatics one of the most risky types of skydiving. Flight in a balloon depends on the strength of the wind, with an average wind strength it is 20 - 30 km. The landing site is completely dependent on weather conditions.

Hang gliding is one of the world's fastest growing sports. Today, there are about 90 thousand hang gliders around the world, plus every year about a thousand newly minted hang gliders take to the skies. Modern vehicles are incredibly stable, durable, and flying on them can only be limited by weather conditions and the experience of the pilot himself.

Ground views. The land type of extreme tourism includes a wide range of entertainment such as motorcycle, auto and hiking trips, visiting cave complexes, and cycling.

Hiking involves the movement of a group from point A to point B in a certain period of time, and overcoming obstacles. These trips may have a category of difficulty (I.II.III. or IV). Physical fitness and a certain amount of stamina are required.

Moto and auto travel in extreme travel involves overcoming "impassable" areas (deserts, swamps, mountain slopes) with the help of technology.

Horse travel. They provide for a long stay in the saddle and overcoming difficult sections of the journey, represented by narrow paths.

Cycling is the heaviest of the terrestrial types. This tour is overcoming at least 500 km., which includes both plains and mountain heights, thicket areas. Mountain biking is becoming more and more popular, despite its high cost. To seriously engage in mountain biking, you have to spend a lot of money. So, a bike for a beginner costs from $300 to $500, there are mountain bikes with a rear shock absorber priced up to $10,000. Of course, you need to spend money on ammunition and various spare parts, and this is more than $800. This amount is for a beginner, professional the biker spends significantly more money.

Hiking, moto and auto, horse riding, as well as cycling are the most popular in this type of extreme tourism.

Speleologists are people who in their free time go to caves with huge backpacks, then this is tourism. But at the same time speleology is a science. Literally: "the science of caves", a section of geology, namely cartography and hydrogeology. And most importantly, the caves are the last white spots on the world map, the last opportunity to go where not only a human foot has not set foot, but also where the eyes of his eyes or cameras have not fallen. Speleologists are engaged in the study of this mysterious underground world. To engage in speleology, one must have serious training, not only physical, but also technical, as well as psychological. Spelestology is a fascinating mixture of tourism and science that studies man-made cavities. In the broad sense of the word, spelestology is the science of artificial underground structures. Spelestology is closely related to speleology, only speleologists are not interested in caves. They are interested in penetrating into any underground urban structures that are inaccessible or not interesting to the rest.

X races are when extreme tourists are so well and universally prepared that they can climb rocks, ride a horse, raft in a kayak or raft along the rapids, rush through the mountains on a bike and rappel under a waterfall. These people unite in teams and participate in competitions, the purpose of which is to cover a distance of 3-4 hundreds of kilometers as quickly as possible using their skills. This is called multisport, or extreme (more often even adventure) racing. More than 200 extreme races are held annually in the West. For example, the largest races in the UK, organized by the Extreme Racing Association of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Water views.

Diving is underwater swimming with special equipment. This is a rather expensive kind of extreme tourism. General training and equipment will cost a beginner up to $ 1,000, additionally you will have to pay the cost of a tour package. If you do not buy equipment, then the cost of preparing for the first round will be reduced to $ 250. But still, you will have to pay 30-40 dollars to rent suits, scuba gear and other things necessary at depth. To be a diver, you need to have a set of skills to deal with the vast majority of diving problems (mask fogging, regulator loss, buoyancy control, and so on). These skills and knowledge are acquired during the training process and are confirmed by a certificate from one of the diving associations. Diving people are called divers or scuba divers.

Wakeboarding is a combination of water skiing, snowboarding, skating and surfing. The boat is towing a raider standing on a short, wide board. Moving at a speed of 30 - 40 km / h with additional ballast on board, the boat leaves behind a wave that the raider uses as a springboard. In the jump, you can perform many different tricks. Wakeboarding began to develop especially dynamically in the early 1990s. He revolutionized watersports in the same way as snowboarding in his time in alpine skiing. From a hobby of a small group of enthusiasts, it has become a popular sport with its own philosophy and culture. A lot of tricks have come to wakeboarding from the related "board" sports of snowboarding, skateboarding, which gives the wakeboarder the opportunity to progress all year round. All you need to do is just change the board. The cost of a complete set of "wakeboarding" equipment is from $400. Wakeboarding requires a special boat, but such boats are expensive. Consequently, in our country this type of recreation is not developed due to the high cost of the tourist product.

Water skiing is one of the most famous outdoor activities. This is a worthy replacement for mountain and cross-country skiing. Water skiing first appeared in 1922, when American Ralph Samuelson, a resident of Minnesota, experimenting with ordinary winter skis, decided to try them on the water. He equipped two wide pine boards with fasteners for the legs. After that, the inventor successfully tested skis on the waters of the lake in Lake City. This sport has constantly progressed and today it has become so spectacular and popular that in 1998 the Greek Olympic Committee recommended the introduction of water skiing into the program of the 2004 Olympics in Athens. True, the IOC did not make a final decision on this issue. Well, for water skiing, you will need four things: the actual water skiing, a life jacket, gloves and a wetsuit.

The cost of skis varies from 120 to 1000 dollars, plus the rest of the equipment (wetsuit, gloves, life jacket) - about 150 dollars. Water skiing is currently actively practiced on the Black Sea coast.

Windsurfing is a type of sailing; racing on a special oval carbon fiber board with a rough surface for stability, with stabilizer fins on the bottom plane and a small sail attached to the board. Windsurfing originated in the USA (1968).

Surfing is the same, only without a sail. Actually, windsurfing originated from surfing. With a good wind, you can reach speeds of more than 10-12 m / s. Well, the record for today is more than 70 km / h. The cost of a set of equipment is quite high. Windsurf kit - $1,000, spare sail kit (mast, boom, sail) - $500, wetsuit - $200, total - $1,700.

Kayaking is a popular form of recreation abroad, gaining more and more popularity in Russia. This is a solo sport, although it is not without team spirit. It makes it possible to challenge the elements and stay with her one on one. In modern kayaking, three main directions are developing - rowing slalom, rodeo and rafting.

Slalom kayaking is the ability to maneuver a kayak by feeling the boat and the water.

Rodeo, unlike slalom, is not only a virtuoso technique, but also an element of the game. Freestyle kayak is the performance of various tricks on a boat due to the features of the river relief. On a kayak, you can go on a water trip along the river of any complexity or play rafting on a small stretch of a mountain river, choosing individual obstacles in the form of barrels, ramparts and waterfalls and passing them lightly. Naturally, in order to feel confident during rafting, you need to master the basic technique of slalom and rodeo. The composition of the kayaker's equipment includes: a boat, a helmet, a life jacket, a skirt (prevents water from entering the boat), rubber slippers and an oar.

Rafting is a fascinating descent down a mountain river in a canoe or special rafts. Rafting is one of the most visited tours, absolutely safe even for the youngest tourists. In recent years, it has attracted such great interest from fans of extreme recreation that most of the mountain rivers suitable for this tourism have been mastered by professionals who now offer rafting tours to almost anywhere in the world. Raft tours are mainly of the following types: trips for a day (from 60 to 150 dollars) or half a day (in the region of 25-75 dollars) and multi-day trips. During multi-day tours, tourists get into the remote corners of the mountains with untouched nature, set up camp as they pass the river and explore the wild surroundings around the campsites. The minimum cost of such raft tours is from 1000-1500 dollars.

Mountain views.

Mountaineering is a sport and active recreation that originated in the Alps, with the aim of climbing the tops of mountains with the subsequent descent along the ascent path or in another way. Today, mountaineering is a whole industry that is gradually developing and popularizing. As a rule, it is customary to choose summer for climbing, when the weather allows you to reach the intended peak with minimal losses. However, thrill-seekers do not stop even in winter, and difficult weather conditions and avalanches only add to the spice of the trip. People go to the mountains to test themselves, take risks, overcome everything and get to the top. The taste of victory is sweet, even if the climber did not conquer Elbrus, but only a wall at the local climbing wall. Climbing equipment is expensive, a full set of high-quality equipment will cost an extreme tourist $ 1,500-2,000. However, if you just want to climb Elbrus once in your life, you can rent equipment. The cost of such a 10-day tour will be about $ 200.

Ski tourism is a kind of mountain tourism, descent from the mountains along natural snowy slopes or specially prepared ski slopes. Unlike skiing, in ski tourism, the time of descent is not fixed. Over the years, the number of people who want to ski has not decreased, but rather increased. In addition, now the ski service is much better and more diverse than 10 years ago, not to mention the 1980s and 1970s. Almost every ski resort has slopes for both professionals and beginners. Equipment - a set: skis, bindings, poles, boots, suit, helmet, mask, gloves will cost an average of 700 - 800 dollars, rent - about 30 - 40 dollars per day.

Snowboarding is a descent through the snow from the mountain slopes on a specially equipped board. This is a more aggressive, active and extreme sport than skiing. Snowboarding as a separate sport appeared in America in the 60s of the XX century. Furious fans of the newfangled hobby were mostly surfers who did not want to sit idle while waiting for the summer days. In our country, snowboarding gained mass recognition in the mid-1990s.

Extreme hobbies associated with skiing and snowboarding can be divided into several groups:

1. Frisking (frisking, or Freddie) - descent along steep unprepared slopes with difficult terrain;

2. Heliskiing - the same, but using a helicopter as a means of delivery to the mountain;

3. Skitour (skitouring) - skitour, mountain tourism using skis and special mounts for climbing uphill;

4. Ski mountaineering - climbing a mountain with the aim of skiing or snowboarding (the use of insurance or any additional equipment other than skis on the descent violates the "purity" of such an ascent);

5. "Newschool" - a kind of freestyle snowboarding.

1.3 Exotic types of extreme tourism

Space tourism is the most expensive and, perhaps, the most exotic type of extreme tourism - a trip to the Earth's orbit. Rosaviakosmos claims that in the future they will be able to reduce the cost of tours and will gladly accept applications for space travel from any citizen of the Earth. But after the well-known crash of the Shuttle, sending tourists into space stopped indefinitely.

Kitesurfing. Its essence lies in the fact that a person standing on a board accelerates with the help of a kite, the rope from which is in his hands. Kitesurfing is possible both in the mountains and on flat terrain, the only prerequisite is the wind. You can even ride on any field, arbitrarily flat or bumpy. But it is considered a special chic to ride a board on ponds covered with ice crust and covered with snow. In addition, the channels of rivers or lakes, as a rule, are the most windy places. Amazing all-weather versatility allows you to use kites in winter and summer. Kiting is more popular in Europe, namely in France.

Jailoo-tourism is one of the types of exotic extreme recreation - life in a primitive tribe with all the delights of nomadic life. This fascinating type of tourism is successfully developing in the high mountain pastures of Kyrgyzstan. It is offered to sleep right on the floor of the shepherd's yurt, next to the smoky hearth, fresh lamb and koumiss, as well as horseback riding in the mountains and pastures. A great opportunity to take a break from the big city.

Tourism at the North and South Poles. Relatively recently, cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic have been launched. And more and more people want to visit extreme climatic conditions and see exotic animals such as penguins. In addition, the North and South Poles are the most environmentally friendly places on Earth.

There are also such exotic tours as a trip to Chernobyl or a trip through the jungle.

For obvious reasons, there are not many people who want to go to Chernobyl. Indeed, even after 16 years, the ecological situation in this area is far from optimal. Of course, thrill-seekers are sent there in special suits, accompanied by specialists with dosimeters. However, access to the forbidden 30-kilometer zone is closed to pregnant women and minors, since the radiation directly at the power plant exceeds the permissible limits many times over.

For $105 you can see a breathtaking picture: an extinct city, tall grass everywhere and wild nature. Without human intervention, the zone has turned into a unique natural park. New species of plants appeared here, populations of endangered animals revived. White-tailed eagles, lynxes, gray wolves, feral horses have captured the area. When hiking in the jungle, the tourist has the opportunity to literally fit into nature, but at the same time be cut off from the civilized world. And even if such a tour group has modern means of satellite communications, it may take several hours or days for help to arrive. Therefore, any emergency can lead to serious consequences.

Chapter 2 Safety Rules and Protective Equipment for Occupationand extreme types of tourism

2.1 Safety in extreme tourism

In the natural environment, a situation in which there may be a danger to human life, a threat to his health and mental state can develop both due to a combination of random circumstances, and through his own fault (or desire). But there are situations of a different kind that arise for reasons beyond our control:

1. various accidents in a deserted area;

2. loss of orientation in the forest;

3. lagged behind the group on the route;

4. met predatory animals;

5. fell into a marshy swamp;

6. turned over the boat on the pond

As a result, people are forced to live in conditions of autonomous existence. Such situations are called extreme because there is an immediate threat. The basis for the success of survival in conditions of forced autonomy in nature is the ability to survive, the desire to survive. The main thing is the will and desire for life. Actions taken for the first time in minutes of an emergency are decisive. It causes pain and suffering and distracts a person from solving the tasks facing him, deprives him of the ability to think and act soberly. A strong-willed person can cope with pain and is able to forget about it for a while, focusing on the problems of survival. Overwork and fatigue dangerous enemies. They dull the will and make a person yield to his own weaknesses. To avoid overwork and restore strength, you can correctly and evenly distribute physical activity, alternating them with proper rest. Cold has a negative effect on the human psyche and body. Therefore, it is necessary to provide protection from it: building a shelter, making a fire. Heat causes changes in the body, since overheating disrupts the work of many organs, affects the physical and mental condition person. The construction of a shelter from the sun, economical use of water can alleviate the situation. Thirst is a signal for a lack of fluid in the body. But unreasonable consumption of water in the heat can lead to uncontrollable thirst: the more you want to drink, the more you drink. Hunger is not as bad as thirst. A person can go without food for a long time, while maintaining efficiency and clarity of mind. But with a lack of water, fasting weakens the body, reduces its resistance to cold, pain, and physical exertion. With the onset of a complex, personally significant, and even more dangerous, extreme situation, psychological stress increases many times, behavior changes, critical thinking decreases, movement coordination is impaired, perception and attention decrease, emotional reactions change, and much more. In an extreme situation, in other words, in a situation of a real threat, one of three forms of response is possible:

1. a sharp decrease in the organization (affective disorganization) of behavior;

2. sharp deceleration of active actions;

3. improving the efficiency of actions;

4. actions, forms of response.

Risk factors in extreme tourism are classified according to their nature:

1. injury risk - the result of movement of mechanisms and objects (rockfalls, avalanches, etc.), unfavorable ergonomic characteristics of equipment, dangerous atmospheric phenomena;

2. environmental impact - the risk of adverse weather conditions, fire hazard;

4. biological impact - the risk of animal bites, poisonous insects, infection carriers, ingress of poisonous microorganisms into the human body;

5. psychophysiological loads - the risk of physical and neuropsychic overload among tourists when passing through difficult, dangerous sections of the route;

6. danger of ultraviolet and radiation radiation, chemical effects, toxic, irritating, sensitizing effects;

8. specific risk factors - the possibility of natural and man-made disasters on the route, poor technical condition of facilities, low level of training of service personnel, instructors, insufficient information support on the route.

Thus, extreme tourism has a number of specific types, each of which is diverse and carries, in addition to pleasure, a very real danger. From an economic point of view, extreme tourism is the most expensive source of adrenaline. Every year, tour operators "invent" and develop new extreme tourist routes. Now visits to the South and North Poles, Chernobyl, space tourism and a number of other “not quite ordinary”, if this term can be applied to extreme, types of tourism are very popular. Extreme sports involve the release of adrenaline, and according to scientists, the constant release of a large amount of adrenaline into the blood (this is what happens when doing any kind of extreme tourism) leads to addiction and often heart disease.

2.2 Equipment

Extreme mountain hiking requires a serious approach to the choice of equipment. Unlike going out of town to nature, you will not be able to buy the missing equipment on the way or quickly return home if your tent pole breaks. You must be fully prepared for a long independent existence, and this requires reliable camping equipment. In addition to reliability, another criterion for choosing equipment is lightness - in most cases you have to walk a lot over rough terrain, and you will have to carry all the equipment on your shoulders. So, unfortunately, you will have to give up many excesses such as your favorite book, and take only the most necessary things on a hike.

Many manufacturers of tourist equipment develop special lines of equipment for extreme recreation and tourism that meet the above requirements. They include special tents that can be set up even where there is absolutely nowhere to stick pegs, backpacks with attachments for ice tools, ultra-light and very warm sleeping bags. Such equipment costs an order of magnitude more than usual, but your life and health, no doubt, is more important.

Necessary equipment for an extreme hike:

· tent

sleeping bag

burner

· Lantern

trekking poles

first aid kit

The backpack must meet modern requirements and be as comfortable as possible. Determine the size individually, in any case, it will be at least 60 liters. The main requirements: the anatomical structure of the back and a well-adjustable suspension system that allows you to evenly distribute the load. Due to its large volume, the backpack should have a basement so that it is convenient to get out of it things that lie at the very bottom, and it should also be equipped with external attachments for a mat, tent and special equipment, such as ice axes or trekking poles.

Awning tents and camping tents are definitely not suitable for an extreme hike. Extreme tents are very different from ordinary tourist ones. They are lower and equipped with a large number of arches for increased stability. Such tents also have a so-called skirt, which is an elongated edge of the awning that does not allow water and snow to enter the vestibule and protects from the wind. The tent should be two-layer, that is, it should consist of an awning and an inner part. It is important that the tent can stand without pegs, because in an extreme hike there is not always a place where they can be stuck. Most extreme tents have special braces on the sides that are tied to a nearby tree or large stone. The water resistance of the tent must be at least 2000 mm of water column, then it will remain dry.

Sleeping bag.

Similar requirements are imposed on the sleeping bag - reliability and lightness. Today you can buy a sleeping bag of one of two types: a cocoon or a blanket. A cocoon is a sleeping bag with a trapezoidal shape, due to which it fits more closely to the body, thanks to which it retains heat better than a sleeping blanket. Due to the trapezoidal shape, the cocoon weighs less than a blanket, so it is preferable to opt for it. extreme tourism equipment

For maximum comfort, the three-layer rule should be observed. The bottom layer that comes into contact with the skin is thermal underwear. Properly selected thermal underwear will replace several T-shirts or sweaters. A fleece jacket or sweatshirt is worn over the thermal underwear. Clothing, like equipment, must withstand extreme conditions, so materials must be specially designed for tourism. The third, top layer of clothing is a waterproof jacket treated with water-repellent impregnation. This impregnation, which is applied to the fabric of the jacket in a hot way, is called a membrane. Zippers and pockets should be taped in a special way so that water does not get under the jacket through them. An extreme jacket should have ventilation zippers under the arms, adjustable cuffs and hem, and a hood that can be worn over a hat if necessary.

Chapter 3. Features of the development of extreme tourism

3.1 Extreme tourismabroad

International tourism plays an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. The beginning of the new millennium was marked not only by the rise of international tourism, but also by the emergence of new trends in the development of this industry. Statistics testify to the steady pace of tourism development.

Foreign experience of extreme tourism is the most developed. This is due to the fact that it originated in the countries of Europe, North America, the Asia-Pacific region and at the same time gravitates towards them. In Europe, intra-regional tourism prevails, i.e. the exchange of tourist flows between European countries is higher than between Europe and other continents. Among the most characteristic features of European tourism, one can note the predominance of flows in the meridional direction, which is expressed in the travel of tourists from the northern countries to the south and vice versa, as well as the concentration of tourists around the Mediterranean basin (including the adjacent regions of Asia and Africa). Tourism has received the greatest development in the USA, Canada and Mexico. An important role in this process is played by the Caribbean Islands, which attract guests with their exoticism. Important feature extreme tourism abroad lies in the fact that intra-regional trips, mainly to neighboring countries, prevail over inter-regional ones. During the 90s, their ratio in the outbound tourist flow did not change and amounted to 82:18. In Europe, intra-regional tourist flows account for up to 90% of all departures, in America and the Asia-Pacific region up to 75%. Only in South Asia does outbound tourism dominate over interregional travel.

The most popular places for extreme tourism abroad are:

Turkey (there is a great opportunity to go diving, the outlandish underwater world with its inhabitants will bring you a lot of unforgettable sensations and emotions. Diving in Turkey can be done in two ways: There is an opportunity to join a diving club, then a dive permit is not required. There are incredibly many places to dive. The most popular is Bordum (it is a tasty morsel for divers. Its unusual caves with a variety of reefs create a sense of immersion in a fairy tale), the islands of Kargy and Kechek are ideal for macro photography. There is a magnificent underwater reef on the way to the islands. Chatal Island is a favorite place for lovers underwater archeology.Therefore, there is the world's only museum of underwater treasures.There are a large number of rivers in Turkey, which gives impetus to the development of water sports of extreme tourism.The most popular place for rafting enthusiasts is the Doloman mountain river.The river belongs to the III category of difficulty with many rapids and turbulent water . In rafting there are categories of difficulty from R-1 to R-6. only in a well-coordinated team and in the presence of a class certificate. Rafting can be carried out in 10-20 person rubber rafts, 4-12 person inflatable boats or one or two person canoes. Before the start of the rafting, briefing is given, equipment is issued. Paragliding (paragliding) is a relatively young type of extreme tourism, but this does not affect its popularity. Paragliding is a great opportunity to look at the earth from a bird's eye view).

Egypt (diving is also common here. Also in Egypt there is a branch of extreme tourism as a journey through the desert (the type of transport is determined by the traveler himself - motorcycles, cars, horses, camels)).

Thailand (rafting, all kinds of rafting, water tourism, which captures in the first minutes. Modern extreme holidays in Thailand will not leave indifferent lovers of adventure and outdoor activities. Extreme holidays in Thailand are a kind of challenge for those who prefer thrills).

Spain (in addition to diving, people come here for bullfighting)

South America (See our planet as it was thousands of years ago. Discover the unique jungle ecosystem, where a huge number of plant and animal species have been preserved that are not found anywhere else in the world. Existing since the time of dinosaurs, they remain unknown to modern science. Acquaintance with the Indian tribes, whose original and isolated way of life allowed them to maintain a sense of harmony and the principles of continuity of generations). Switzerland (Extreme holidays in Switzerland open up opportunities for various activities: Hang gliding - a surge of adrenaline, a feeling of flying - all this makes you give up the ground under your feet and soar into the sky; rock climbing for beginners. A feature of this sport is that you go along a steel cable securely fastened along a rock; involves descending a mountain river without a raft - the newest extreme type of recreation in Switzerland. Participants independently put on a wetsuit, life jacket and helmet and jump into a seething stream of a mountain river; The glaciers of the Alps are a great place to go rock climbing and plunge into the magnificent world of eternal ice.Programs of such walks involve both climbing glaciers and descending into ice crevices, hanging stalactites, intricate ice formations and paintings - all this will be remembered for a long time.To participate in these programs, rock climbing skills are not required, equipment, equipment).

Africa (national park safari. Africa, the continent of eternal summer, attracts fans of extreme sports such as rafting or mountaineering. The most popular places for rafting and kayaking in Africa are the sources of the Nile in Uganda and the Zambezi rapids in Zambia and Zimbabwe.Nile rafting is generally one of the most popular river rafting in the world.16 rapids from 3 to 6 points according to the international classification of water obstacles, 41 kilometers of "white water" make this rafting a truly unforgettable event even for professionals, not to mention about beginners who just picked up the oars.Conquering the African mountain peaks is another worthy activity for a true fan of extreme sports.Tourist routes are laid on all the more or less worthy peaks of the African mountains, such as Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya and Elgon, the legendary Lunar Mountains Rwenzori, etc., which makes them quite accessible even for amateurs.Professionals rarely go like this. and routes, preferring hard-to-reach, untravelled routes. In any case, everyone is happy - both climbing beginners and veterans. Of course, both of them cannot do without special climbing equipment anyway. In Africa, as in a fairy tale, there is everything - diving in the Indian Ocean, and flying in balloons, and parachuting, and much more, just as tourism in Africa is not limited to tours to Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Namibia and South Africa on safari and extreme tourism. In our age of globalization, trips to wild African places have become very popular, where people still live in a primitive communal system).

China (Tibet (Everest), (jeep tours), acquaintance with the ancient culture of China (Xian, Luoyang), architecture (Shanghai, Hong Kong), religion, ancient monuments, exotic cuisine, diving, relic nature).

India (windsurfing is a pleasure associated with constant falls into the water, and a real opportunity to choke in the sea waves, as well as the inevitable calluses on your hands. Or try yourself in rafting on rough mountain rivers, which, for sure, will be remembered for a long time.)

South and North Poles (relatively recently, cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic have begun. And more and more people want to visit extreme climatic conditions and see exotic animals, such as penguins. Accompanied by experienced instructors, any healthy person is able to ski to the pole and return back).

In Europe and America, there is an unusually high interest in Africa and Asia - other cultures that attract tourists from all over the world. More and more people began to understand the importance of a good rest. After all, for a vacation you need to relax so that you have strength left for the whole working year, so that the memories of this month at the resort help you get up in the morning for work and cheer up in moments of fatigue. But, despite all its attractiveness, it should be noted that extreme tourism is an expensive form of recreation, mainly due to the high cost of sports paraphernalia. Extreme tourism is one of the most promising types of tourism, which attracts more and more people. New places for outdoor activities appear, both artificial, such as ski resorts, and places created by nature that people did not suspect before. Interestingly, for most resorts offering extreme tours, this is the main source of its income.

The foreign potential for the development of extreme tourism allowed us to conclude that foreign countries are more conscious in conducting extreme tours. Abroad are distinguished by a wide range of proposals and the elaboration of this problem. The task of tourism development requires the solution of many related tasks, for example, the development of the transport system, the development of the public catering system, the improvement of the image, the development of information infrastructure. If we assign numbers to countries in relation to the development of extreme tourism, then in 1st place, undoubtedly, there will be European countries, East Asia and the Pacific region 2nd, North America, 3rd East Asia and the Pacific region, 4th Africa, Russia is 5th, and Kazakhstan. Also, the analysis revealed that for the development of tourism, its promotion is of great importance, which is carried out through the media (television, radio, Internet), as well as in personal communication between people in interest clubs and tourist events . Art also contributes to the popularization of tourism, especially the genre of art song, in which a large place is given to the topic of tourism.

3.2 Development of extreme tourism in Kazakhstan

In Kazakhstan, there are many promising areas for the development of extreme tourism. Recently, interest in Kazakhstan as a tourist destination has increased significantly throughout the world, and accordingly, from year to year, the range of tourist services provided by local tour operators is increasing to attract more travelers. Most of all in Kazakhstan there are tourists from Germany, England, Japan, Korea, China. The Germans and the British have already explored the tourist routes of Kazakhstan, while the Kazakhs themselves do not develop tourism at the proper level. Today, almost all existing types of tourism are represented in Kazakhstan - educational, entertaining, ethnic, ecological and others. Tourists are offered a number of different routes.

The tourism industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan at the state level is recognized as one of the priority sectors of the economy. In the implementation of the provisions of the industrial and innovative development of the economy of Kazakhstan, the leading role belongs to the system of domestic clusters. A special place among them is occupied by the tourist cluster. Today's trends in the development of this industry are such that tourists who have studied well the most famous resorts in the world tend to countries where the tourism sector is just beginning to develop. Kazakhstan is among them.

The main goal of tourism development in Kazakhstan is the creation of a modern, highly efficient and competitive tourism complex, on the basis of which conditions will be provided for the development of the industry as a sector of the economy, integration into the system of the world tourism market and development of further international cooperation in the field of tourism.

According to the Statistics Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan, following the results of the first quarter of 2013, the number of served visitors amounted to 4,164.9 thousand people, which is 27.1% more than the corresponding period of 2012. At the same time, the number of inbound tourism visitors increased by 21.6% - 1,063.6 thousand people; the number of domestic tourism visitors increased by 33.3% - 1,254.8 thousand people. However, we have not yet reached a high level and high performance in the tourism sector. Inbound tourism is still developing poorly, which leads to a number of negative consequences. Outbound tourism is nothing but invisible imports. Kazakhstani tourists leave their capital in another country. It is known that one tourist leads to the creation of ten jobs, and these places are not created in Kazakhstan.

Therefore, for Kazakhstani tourism, the development of inbound tourism is currently an urgent task. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, 41.4% of the total volume of served tourists falls on outbound tourism, 39% - on domestic, 19.6% - on entry.

Thus, the relevance of our project lies in the fact that tourism in Kazakhstan is one of the priority sectors for the development of the non-primary sector of the economy.

The needs of people are individual, including in tourism, so we offer different packages of services within the following types of tourism: extreme, family, youth, sightseeing. Our project is aimed at developing more active recreation in Kazakhstan, as active recreation is becoming an increasingly popular type of tourism in the modern world. Active tourism involves people of different ages and professions, having different family and social status, significantly differing in the level of culture and physical development. It should also be noted that the Republic of Kazakhstan takes an active part in the implementation of events dedicated to the year of tourism in the CIS, which in turn increases the degree of significance and relevance of our project.

Conclusion

In conclusion of this work, we can conclude that tourism, in the minds of most people, is associated with relaxation, new experiences, and pleasure. The tourism industry is constantly developing and improving, offering new services to tourists. Active types of tourism include types of recreation and travel, entertainment, sports that require significant physical exertion and are not available to all categories of tourists. Extreme tourism stands out even more in this sense. According to one of the travelers, extreme tourism is the top level of tourism. When you have already achieved a lot in overcoming the difficulties and dangers that await tourists, there is a feeling that something is still missing. And this means that the time has come to cross a certain line that separates mere tourism as a sport and risky dangerous travel. It can be said about such people that risk is their craft, balancing on the verge of the impossible is their lifestyle. And it is important that their risk, the desire to reach the top become worthy not only of professionals, but also of ordinary people. Anyone who has ever been in the mountains or took part in rafting on a turbulent river will never forget what he saw and experienced. Such youth are driven by different motives: the desire for adventure, the challenge to oneself, the desire to stand out among others, to be the first; extreme sport provokes a powerful release of adrenaline and thus satisfies those who need this adrenaline. Some are attracted by the presence of an element of struggle in order to prove the perfection of man and the boundlessness of his will to achieve the goal.

Bibliography

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3. Gulyaev V.G. Organization of tourism activities: textbook - 2nd edition - M.: Knowledge, 2008. - 312 p.

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14. http://allbest.ru/k-2c0b65635a2bd68b4c53a88421316d27.html

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Appendix1

"Essential hiking gear"

Backpack Tent

Sleeping bag Clothes

Hosted on Allbest.ru

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Introduction

Rest is the process of restoring mental and physical performance, occurring in conditions of cessation of activities that caused fatigue. Distinguish between passive and active recreation. Passive rest provides for the cessation of previous activity and complete physical rest of the body, active rest - switching the body's activity to another type of activity.
Rest is one of the essential conditions for maintaining and strengthening health, maintaining high working capacity and achieving active longevity. Good rest is an essential featurehealthy lifestyle and is ensured through the rational organization of free time, as well as special rehabilitation measures that are included in the regime of labor activity. Restoration helps to restore working capacityresorts , rest homes, etc. One of the most popular types of recreation is tourism.
Tourism (French tourisme, from tour - walk, trip), travel (trip, hike) in your free time. Tourism is the most effective means of satisfying recreational needs, as it combines various types of recreational activities - health improvement, knowledge, restoration of human productive forces. Tourism is an integral part of health care, physical culture, a means of spiritual, cultural and social development of the individual.
Nowadays, almost everyone can visit anywhere in the world: plane, train, car, high-speed sea liner takes you anywhere. But some choose a different way of transportation and recreation.
School of survival in extreme conditions of autonomous existence is extreme tourism. There are many organizations that are engaged in tourism, but their activities can in no way be connected with preparation for extreme situations. How is extreme tourism a school of survival? Why is he so attractive?
The favorable outcome of an autonomous existence depends on many factors, but the main one is solid knowledge from various fields. It is desirable not only to know how to behave in a given situation, but also to be able to do it, because when the situation becomes threatening, it is too late to start learning.

Extreme is not a sport at all, it is pleasure and health, an interesting pastime where no one requires horse loads for the sake of awards and titles. It is a way of thinking, existence, a way of life!
According to one of the travelers, extreme tourism is the top level of tourism in general. When you have already achieved a lot in overcoming the difficulties and dangers that lie in wait on the passes and rifts, there is a feeling that something is still missing. And that means it's time to cross a certain line. The line that separates mere tourism as a type of recreation, and dangerous journeys full of risk. It can be said about these daredevils and madmen that risk is their craft, balancing on the verge of the impossible is their lifestyle, their vocation, something without which they cannot imagine their existence. And it is very important that their work, their risk, their desire to reach the top, conquer the elements (be it majestic peaks lost in the fog, drifting ice, or endless snowy spaces) become the property of not only professionals, but also ordinary people. Because anyone who has ever visited the mountains, or took part in rafting on a turbulent river, will never forget what he saw and experienced.

I. Classification of types of tourism

1.1. Types of tourism

According to the assessment of the scale of tourist traffic existing in world practice, tourists "are all persons who temporarily and voluntarily change their place of residence for any purpose, except for activities rewarded in the place of temporary residence." Persons staying in their free time in any area for less than 24 hours are considered sightseers. Travel within one's own country is united by the concept of "domestic (national) tourism", and outside it - "foreign tourism". According to international officialtourist organizations , in 2000-2001 of the total number of 1,100-13,000 million tourists in the world, 75--80% are domestic tourism.
Tourism is diverse in form and content: walks, hikes, excursions, camps, rallies, etc.
Depending on the purpose of travel, tourism is divided into:

cognitive (excursion) - visiting attractive places with something, viewing cultural, historical, natural attractions;

sports tourism

- participation in sports events;

amateur - hunting, fishing, etc.;

suburban tourism - mass short-term trips of large groups, individual groups and individuals outside the city, including to special recreation areas;

with social goals - participation in public events;

business - visiting objects of professional interest;

religious - visiting "saints".

In international statistics, tourist trips to resorts, summer cottages to relatives, acquaintances, fairs, congresses are also considered to be tourist trips. The tourist usually pursues several goals (for example, a trip to a resort and sightseeing), in which the dominant goal determinestourist route , season, duration of travel, mode of transportation, type of temporary accommodation (hotel, tourist base, tent), with a group or individually, with a family, with your owntourist equipment on the principles of self-service. The goals and conditions of the trip, in turn, are determined by the tourist's financial capabilities, state of health, age, profession, cultural level, etc., as well as the material and technical base of tourism and tourism. social support(payments and subsidies from public and private funds, various benefits to tourists and tourism organizations).
It is customary to distinguish between organized tourism - a trip according to a program outlined by a tourist agency, with the provision of a range of services, and unorganized, so-called amateur tourism - a trip according to a plan developed by the tourist himself, with a more or less significant share of self-service.
An excursion is a collective visit to certain objects for educational or scientific purposes. Excursions also pursue the goal of broadening one's horizons, the general cultural development of a person.
A tourist expedition is an organized multi-day trip to a little-explored area, which is carried out with special research goals.
Hiking is the most accessible and mass form of tourism.
A tourist trip is a journey with an active way of movement in areas remote from the place of residence, carried out for educational, recreational, sports, research purposes.
Depending on the goals, trips can be educational, health-improving, sports-oriented.
Cognitive trips are aimed at studying their region (district, region): relief, climate, economy. Health-improving hikes contribute to the hardening of the body, the development and improvement of motor qualities, increase efficiency, serve as an excellent form of outdoor activities, the importance of which is enormous. Sports hikes improve physical fitness, promote physical improvement.

1.2. Signs of segmentation and the main segments of the tourist market.

It is the purpose of travel that determines the type of tourism. There are the following types of tourism:

route-cognitive;

sports and recreation;

business and congress tourism;

resort, medical;

To determine the goals of marketing, conducting promotional activities, segmentation is used using a combination of features, such as, for example, travel motivation, the degree of importance of tourism in the structure of consumer spending, tolerance for a foreign culture, a stereotype of tourist behavior in a tourist center, etc. An example is classification of the West German researcher G. Gan, who distinguishes 6 main types of tourists (each group is named by the initial letter of its corresponding name): S, F, W-1 and W-2, A and B-types.
* S-type (German Sonne, Sand, See - "sun, sandy beach, sea") - a typical vacationer. Preferring passive rest at seaside resorts, calmness and comfort, avoids fuss on vacation, but welcomes contacts with pleasant people.
* F-type (German fernr- und flirtorientierter, Eriebnisurlauber -- "vacationer who prefers long-distance travel and flirting") - a tourist who prefers long-distance travel, a kaleidoscope of impressions and flirting. He will spend his holidays only where something is happening, as "slow frying on the beach with family or alone is not for him; the credo of such a tourist is" society, pleasure, change of impressions ".
* W-1-type (German wald- und wanderorientiert - "lover of forest walks and hikes") - a vacationer who prefers outdoor activities, hiking, etc. Physical activity in the fresh air, regardless of the weather - that's his credo. On vacation, he strives to maintain good physical shape, but does not professionally engage in sports.
* W-2-type - more of an athlete than an amateur. Withstands long and high, up to extreme, loads. When choosing a tour and a tourist center, such a criterion as "the availability of conditions for hobbies" dominates. Selection criteria such as "landscape, culture, history" are secondary (eg, passionate climber, amateur pilot, etc.).
* A-type (German Abenteur - "adventure") - an adventure lover. Risk, new sensations, testing one's strength in unexpected situations, danger - this is what determines the choice of the purpose of travel for this type of tourist.
* B-type (German Bildung- und Besichtigung - "education and sightseeing") - inquisitive tourists. This group is divided into three subgroups: (a) "experts" who collect the sights they visit; b) "emotional lovers of culture and nature"; c) "specialists" who deepen their knowledge in certain areas of culture, history, art, etc.
Thus, carrying out segmentation, travel companies identify groups of customers, united according to one or another feature. Each of the market segments should correspond to a specific tourist offer. This approach allows not only to meet the existing demand, but also to form it. The market segments formed using various segmentation variables should be researched to identify the most suitable tourism enterprises for them. Therefore, the segmentation process is followed by the selection of the target market. Classification in tourism means the identification of its individual forms and types, depending on the main indicator - the criterion. Like any other classification, the classification of types of tourism helps to more thoroughly study the development of tourism, its modifications and main trends. But tourism is a complex and multifaceted concept. It is very difficult to single out the forms and types of tourism in their pure form, therefore there is no single classification in the world. Those that exist have some differences, but generally agree with each other.
Tourism can be classified according to different criteria.
By purpose of trip
This criterion is crucial, because it is the purpose of the trip that most influences the formation of the tour and the organization of tourist services. Traveling, a tourist can set several goals, but only one of them will be dominant.
Depending on the purpose, the following tourism is distinguished:
a) Educational or cultural and entertaining. Includes trips of people in order to get acquainted with natural, historical and cultural attractions, museums, theaters, social system, life and traditions of the peoples in the visited country. Educational goals can be combined with the goal of recreation.
b) Business. The basis of this type of tourism is the need to perform official or professional tasks. Business trips are considered as one of the most important components of modern tourist exchange. Business tourism includes trips of delegations or individuals to participate in international negotiations, meetings, holidays, coronations, inauguration ceremonies of heads of state and government. But the number of tourists does not include diplomatic workers of embassies and consulates, employees of trade missions and other organizations that work abroad.

i) Environmental. Ecotourism has received the most wide use and recognition in our time, as ecology becomes more and more important every day. Respect for nature and the environment is one of the attractive elements of tourism. Increasingly, promotional events and tours of an ecological nature are being held (for example, how can you relax and spend time in nature without polluting it and without damaging it. Ecology and tourism are very interconnected and dependent on each other. Tourism is possible only in ecologically clean areas. In international practice, there is such a thing as "blue flag". It is assigned to ecologically clean areas. Naturally, tourists prefer to rest in these places, because nothing threatens their health.
By way of travel

hiking;

cycling tourism;

According to the degree of use of vehicles
Tourism involves the movement of people from one place to another, both within the country and abroad. Traveling using standard modes of transport:

air transport (flights on schedule, out of schedule),

water transport (passenger lines and ferries, cruises),

land transport (railway, intercity and city buses, private cars, vehicle rental, etc.)

using exotic modes of transport (cable car, funicular, hot air balloon, hang glider, etc.).

Depending on the means of accommodation for tourists, the following types of tourism are distinguished:

Tourism in the boarding house.

Camping tourism.

Tourism in a tourist village, camp site, etc.

Hotels are usually located either in the city center or close to the airport or train station.
Motels are located either along the highway or on the outskirts of the city. Accommodation in a motel should provide tourists with conditions for car care (parking lots, gas stations, car service, etc.)
Single-management hotel-type holiday homes provide clients with accommodation in one or more rooms, related services, and a self-contained kitchen.
Campsites, tourist villages, camp sites are premises located, as a rule, in the countryside, designed to accommodate both ordinary and autotourists.

1.3. Sports and extreme tourism

Sports tourism, which in Russia is usually called active tourism, includes trips along routes of a certain category of complexity and competitions in tourism techniques. It is aimed at improving the skills of tourists, improving routes, practicing various methods of insurance and mastering new types of equipment. As in sports, in active tourism there are steps (ranks) and the title of master of sports. The complexity of the hike is determined by the category of difficulty of the route. Currently, active types of tourism include walking, skiing, water, bicycle, mountain, horseback, auto and motorcycle tourism and speleotourism. The most massive of them are hiking, water, mountain and ski. Mountain and water tourism are developing most dynamically. Sports tourism is, first of all, a means of improving the skills of a tourist and a serious physical activity. If this becomes secondary, and the test of human reserves comes first, thrills, new impressions and discoveries, sports tourism turns into extreme, that is, sports tourism at the level of the highest categories of complexity. In this case, elements of risk, real danger appear in it. Absolutely extreme types of tourism - hang gliding and paragliding.
Speleotourism involves visiting natural or man-made caves and labyrinths. It is interesting for the diversity of their topography, which creates obstacles for passage (wells, blockages, narrow cracks, underground rivers, etc.), as well as extreme - unfavorable - physical conditions (high humidity and lack of natural light). All this brings an element of adventure into caving and makes it incredibly popular among young people. You should go down into the cave only if you have a plan and at least two people. Unknown caves - only for experienced cavers. A broken stalactite takes hundreds of years to repair, so it's important to take good care of the underground nature.
One of the most popular types of active tourism is skiing, since for the most part Russian Federation snow lies for several months of the year. These are not only multi-day trips through forests, hills and fields, but also through taiga, tundra, archipelagos and ice (including Antarctica), mountains.
Mountain tourism is a journey in the mountains along slopes, ridges, glaciers, through passes and mountain streams. Most often, mountain tourism means only mountaineering, but meanwhile it also includes geotourism and mineralogical tourism. Mountaineering is considered an extreme sport because it is associated with real dangers - overcoming steep slopes and ridges, cracks, cracks, as well as the risk of falling into avalanches, rockfalls, mudflows - in bad weather, low atmospheric pressure and high solar radiation. Mountaineering is especially extreme in winter. The most popular mountain tourism in Russia is in North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, in the Murmansk Region, where hundreds of climbing routes have been developed in Altai, the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, the Chersky Range, the Khibiny Mountains and other mountains, all conditions have been created for participants of this type of tourism. In the summer in the mountains you can meet geotourists and mineralogists (for example, in the Khibiny and the Urals) or hang gliders (the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus).
Water tourism - trips along rivers, lakes, seas and reservoirs on inflatable boats(rafts), collapsible kayaks, catamarans, rafts, etc. It combines elements of learning, active recreation, health improvement and sports and is available to all healthy people. Water tourism is widely developed on large flat rivers (Volga, Oka, Yenisei, etc.) and passable mountain rivers of the Urals, Altai, and the Caucasus (Katun, Belaya, Mzymta, etc.). Especially water trips on kayaks and rafts are amazing where they pass through lake-river systems, in particular, in Karelia - along the rivers Okhta and Yuzhnaya Shuya. Also popular are "round the world" - water tours that begin and end in the same place: the Zhiguli boat round the world (from Samara down the Volga, dragging to the Usa River and then again along the Volga to Samara), Orshinskaya in the Tver region and others.
Cycling tourism is travel and sports trips on bicycles along the plain, ravines, sands, mountain paths, rivers (wading) on road, sports and mountain (so-called mountain bikes) bicycles. This type of transport is the most environmentally friendly. Cycling tourism has been developing in Russia since the end of the 19th century: in the early 1890s, lovers of cycling organized runs from Moscow-St. Petersburg-Paris. Cyclists are suitable for asphalt or sand and gravel roads of local importance in the Central region and the Volga region, as well as forest mountain roads of the Urals (Middle and South) and the foothills of the Caucasus. Groups of 4-6 people go on multi-day trips. In the Krasnodar Territory - Krasnaya Polyana (Caucasus) - the Russian mountain bike championship is held annually, where athletes and travelers compete in trials, rallies, overcoming obstacles, etc. Traveling on horseback - equestrian tourism - has a healing effect. Where the population traditionally breeds horses - in Altai, Bashkiria, Buryatia, Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, Chuvashia, Central Russia (Oryol Region) and Siberia (Kemerovo Region and Krasnoyarsk Territory) - this type of tourism has been developing for more than 30 years.

II. extreme situations. Specificity of extreme tourism

2.1. extreme situations

What is danger? This is the probability of an adverse event occurring.
In the natural environment, a situation in which there may be a danger to human life, a threat to his health and mental state can develop both due to a combination of random circumstances, and through his own fault (or desire).
But there are situations of a different kind that arise for reasons beyond our control:

various accidents in a deserted area.

loss of orientation in the forest (lost)

lagged behind the group on the route.

met predatory animals.

fell into a swampy swamp.

the boat capsized on the pond.

As a result, people are forced to live in conditions of autonomous existence. Such situations are called extreme because there is an immediate threat.
The basis for the success of survival in conditions of forced autonomy in nature is the ability to survive, the desire to survive. The main thing is the will and desire for life. Actions taken in the first minutes of an emergency are decisive.
It causes pain and suffering and distracts a person from solving the tasks facing him, deprives him of the ability to think and act soberly. A strong-willed person can cope with pain and is able to forget about it for a while, focusing on the problems of survival.
Overwork and fatigue are dangerous enemies. They dull the will and make a person yield to his own weaknesses. To avoid overwork and restore strength, you can correctly and evenly distribute physical activity, alternating them with proper rest.
Cold has a negative effect on the human psyche and body. Therefore, it is necessary to provide protection from it: building a shelter, making a fire.
Heat causes changes in the body, as overheating disrupts the work of many organs, affects the physical and mental state of a person. Heat is especially dangerous with a lack of water. The construction of a shelter from the sun, economical use of water can alleviate the situation.
Thirst is a signal for a lack of fluid in the body. But unreasonable consumption of water in the heat can lead to uncontrollable thirst: the more you want to drink, the more you drink.
Hunger is not as bad as thirst. A person can go without food for a long time, while maintaining efficiency and clarity of mind. But with a lack of water, fasting weakens the body, reduces its resistance to cold, pain, and physical exertion.
While a person is in a familiar environment, he behaves normally, as always. But with the onset of a complex, personally significant, and even more dangerous, extreme situation, psychological stress increases many times, behavior changes, critical thinking decreases, movement coordination is impaired, perception and attention decrease, emotional reactions change, and much more.
In an extreme situation, in other words, in a situation of a real threat, one of three forms of response is possible:

a sharp decrease in organization (affective disorganization) of behavior

sharp deceleration of active actions;

improving the efficiency of actions.

actions, forms of response.

2.2. Extreme tourism. Specificity and basic concepts

Extreme tourism- one of the very promising areas in the modern field of recreation and entertainment. At the beginning of the third millennium, many inhabitants of the planet Earth, especially citizens of economically developed countries, clearly lack sharp impressions. Having destroyed or defeated many natural competitors in the face of large predators, to a certain extent, having protected himself from the blows of the elements of nature, having provided himself with a well-fed life, a person suddenly began to feel a lack of adrenaline. The "stone jungle" of civilization, the hyper-urbanization of many industrialized countries lead to the almost complete separation of man from nature. And if we add to this the constant irrepressible craving of mankind for comprehending new knowledge, discoveries, searching for the unknown, then we can say that extreme tourism will never lack fans.

First of all, we should dwell on the content of the concept of "extreme".

There is no universal definition of what is considered an extreme sport or tourism. Of course, there are types of professional activities or entertainment associated with a great risk to life and health (for example, flying on various aircraft, rock climbing, deep diving). But what is super extreme for some may be just a job for others.

The same route can be extreme for a beginner (for example, for a beginner cyclist, canoeist, climber, etc.) and very easy for a trained tourist and athlete.

The sedentary lifestyle of a modern, especially urban, person, when not everyone regularly goes in for sports or experiences physical activity and many of us do not lift anything heavier than a fountain pen, leads to the fact that if a stop of city vehicles is located more than 100 m from home, then this already a tragedy.

As paradoxical as it sounds, the ever-accelerating pace of society leads to a less mobile way of life for its members. The person lacks physical movement and physical activity.

Naturally, for this category of tourists, the usual 5-10-kilometer hike with a light backpack or climbing a hill 150-200 m high is already a serious test.

In principle, any hike of IV-V category of difficulty, according to experts, can already be considered extreme. As you know, the category of complexity in sports tourism is determined by the duration of the trip in days (for category IV, at least 13 and for V, at least 16 days) and the length in kilometers. The minimum distance is determined for mountain hikes (IV category - 150 km, V - 160 km). For walking trips, this figure is determined at 220-250 km, skiing - 250-300 km, water - 225-250 km, cycling - 800-1100 km, motorcycle - 3200-4000 km, car - 4500-5000 km.

Therefore, the concept of "extreme tourism" is very relative.

In this regard, many adventure tourism companies introduce their own categories of routes.

Thus, the world leader in adventure tourism - the British company Exodus - uses letters for each mode of transportation while traveling. For example, for trekking (or hiking) they have developed a scale from A to E.

A - not too tiring walk, burdened with a backpack with a minimum of light personal items. This is followed by categories of difficulty in ascending order, which end with the letter E, which is a full-fledged ascent of 5-7 thousand meters that can interest even the most experienced climbers.

Conditions for bike tours are presented on a scale from A to D. Category A is pure pleasure. During such a trip, the participant pedals, accompanied by a bus, in which you can transfer if you lose strength or it starts to rain. The "coolest" bike tour - D - is a trip on heavy off-road, with "full combat equipment" and without any escort.

Now many new exotic terms have appeared in the tourism industry: “trekking”, “rafting”, “jeeping or jeep safari”, “diving”, etc. However, upon closer examination, these are the same old types of pedestrian, water, automobile, underwater and other tourism.

Of course, new technologies, materials and equipment have made it possible for traditional tourist destinations to move to a qualitatively new level. In addition, in connection with the general democratization and the acceleration of the exchange of information in the world, the number of regions open for visiting and studying has increased dramatically. Thanks to the active research activities of scientists and enthusiasts, hundreds of new amazing objects of nature, history and culture are discovered annually in the world. It should be noted that the opinion that almost all corners of the planet Earth have been examined and there is nothing special to discover is greatly exaggerated. Until now, in many places (and not necessarily very remote and inaccessible from the centers of world civilization), the human foot has not yet set foot.

Along with the traditional ways of active recreation and entertainment, over the past few decades, many completely new, and even exotic options for using free time have appeared in the tourism industry.

Some of them, such as kiting, have arisen on the basis of a combination of other types of extreme sports and combine water-air or air-land entertainment. Others, such as water skiing or space tourism, are completely new.

An innovative direction in extreme tourism is also theatrical entertainment (“military tourism”, travel in the style of “Indiana Jones”, “Barge Haulers on the Volga”, etc.), as well as historical and research (archaeological, geological, paleontological, ornithological and etc.) types of tourism.

A very large distribution in the late XX - early XXI centuries. received ecological tourism, which is very often associated with extreme sports.

Russia is one of the few countries on the planet that have preserved their natural wealth by the beginning of the 3rd millennium. Its potential for the development of ecological (including extreme) areas is enormous. In recent years, a large number of state nature reserves and national parks have been created in Russia - at present their number has exceeded 130. Many of them offer a wide variety of tourist products and services, including those for lovers of "sharp" emotional impressions. Some of the most famous are the national parks "Pillars" (Krasnoyarsk region), "Elk Island", "Yugyd-Va", Vodlozersky, Kenozersky and others.

Currently, there is no established classification of types of extreme tourism and entertainment. As already mentioned, this is due to the relativity of the extreme. In this book, we will introduce you to adventure tourism innovation in a sequence based on the environment in which it exists.

2. Land tourism

Tracking

Trekking or hiking? is one of the most widespread types of tourism. Hiking practically does not require special training and equipment. At the same time, they provide an opportunity to get the necessary physical activity, as well as experience positive emotional relaxation and pleasure from communicating with nature. Despite the qualitative and quantitative development of many modes of transport, walking routes not only do not lose their popularity, but are constantly one of the most preferred types of recreation, especially among residents of industrialized countries.

The most famous trekking tours in the world are the following routes: passing along the Great Dividing Range of the United States from the Canadian border to Mexico through the Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada ranges (total length is 4200 km); the Inca trail in Peru - the road of the ancients, laid in the Central Andes from the city of Cusco to the city of Machu Picchu; the Overland Track on the island of Tasmania in Australia with a length of 80 km and many others. Every year, travel companies in many countries develop a large number of new trekking routes.

A trekking tour is a multi-day (up to 10–14 days) tourist hiking route with an instructor-guide. During the trekking tour, tourists themselves carry backpacks, sleeping bags, small tents, food supplies, medicines, arrange temporary camps themselves and cook food themselves.

Walking tours to exotic places are very popular all over the world, although in many regions this pleasure is very expensive. For example, climbing the mysterious and mysterious Chomolungma - the highest peak on planet Earth - costs at least 400 to 2000 dollars, and this is not counting the cost of the road to it. However, despite the laboriousness and complexity of the route and the high cost, there are so many who want to climb that there is a queue for two or three years in advance. The same boom is observed in the Himalayas and in Tibet.

For such tours, you need to be prepared for various difficulties: crossing narrow hanging bridges over gorges, overcoming steep cliffs and mountain paths, water streams, etc. Such trips require special equipment: special clothing and shoes, ropes, rafts, compasses, etc. others

Exodus is the world leader in organizing trekking tours.

Trekking tours can be a completely independent tourist product, or they can be an integral part of others.

Planned organized tourism, despite the development of modern means of transportation and transportation, still uses various forms of walking routes, which are included as separate stages of travel.

A variant of trekking tours are the so-called crossing tours. Crossing tours are trips across the whole country or continent with combined modes of transportation at different stages. Such routes, as a rule, pass through natural national parks and reserves, where tourists make pedestrian crossings, visiting unique natural reservations, getting acquainted with rare species of plants, animals and birds, observing them in their natural environment.

Despite the fact that trekking (or hiking and excursions) is one of the safest types of tourism, under certain conditions it can also become extreme. First of all, we are talking about routes passing through difficult terrain: mountains, overgrown forests (for example, taiga), swamps, tundra, semi-deserts and deserts, etc. In this case, an important condition is the presence of special physical training of the participants, as well as the similarity their physical condition. On routes passing through mountainous areas, especially in sections where the altitude exceeds 3000 m, the risk of symptoms of altitude sickness is not excluded, which can manifest themselves in the form of headache, dizziness, shortness of breath. Altitude sickness is caused by the body's reaction to a lack of oxygen. Experienced instructors, at the first symptoms, stop the group at the height reached and give one or two days for the organism to adapt. If the symptoms of mountain sickness do not go away, and even more so if the health of the hikers worsens, you should go down. If the condition stabilizes, you can continue climbing.

In recent years, the term has become popular "turiada", i.e. a complex of tourist activities, including trips, which are made by several groups in the same area along agreed routes. For example, mountain tourist tours are held in the Moscow region, in the Dzinagi region in the northern Caucasus. The turiad includes the passage of hikes of the fourth, third and second categories of difficulty, the organization of base camps, the actions of rescue teams and other activities.

Mountaineering

Climbing is one of the most difficult and dangerous types of trekking. Mountains have always attracted people with the opportunity to test themselves, to experience unforgettable impressions. Mountaineering involves a high level of both psychological and physical, as well as technical training.

The conquest of mountain peaks is practiced in all countries where such peaks are available. All over the world, meetings of mountaineers are regularly held. This movement is widespread in our country. During climbs on glaciers, climbers often make unexpected discoveries. For example, in the Alps, the remains of animals and people of various periods, starting from the ice age, are often found. Such finds are not uncommon in our mountains. Here is one of the latest examples. In the early 1990s a group of climbers on the Kichi-Muruju glacier, which is located on the spurs of the Main Caucasian Range, discovered an aircraft from the times of the Great Patriotic War with the dead pilot. Thanks to the persistent search of enthusiasts, it was possible not only to find out the name of the pilot, but also to restore all the details of the heroic air battle in which he died.

Close in many respects, but all different from mountaineering is rock climbing, which has different options (for example, with or without technical equipment). The popularity of this type of activity is so high that where there are no rocks, climbing walls are being built (for example, in sports and technical centers or in extreme amusement mini-parks).

Cycling tourism

The bicycle was, and in some countries still remains, one of the main types of technical transport. Bicycle tours, along with trekking, horseback riding and some other types, are the basis of ecological tourism. Along with the usual trips on bicycles, passing along simple safe routes, extreme cycling tourism on the routes of increased complexity is also developing. Such trails usually run in hard-to-reach areas, such as mountains or deserts.

There are currently three main types of bikes: road bikes, cross bikes and mountain bikes. Each of them has hundreds of different modifications.

A road bike is designed to travel on paved roads. It differs in that it has narrow wheels and thin tires. Mountain bikes have wide grooved tires and special springs to absorb shock. A cross bike is a hybrid of the first two.

For extreme cycling tours taking place in difficult natural and landscape conditions, a mountain bike is used primarily, which is often called a “mountain bike”. Its design was developed specifically for cross-country running over rough terrain.

The main design feature of a mountain bike is the high strength and reliability of all components, combined with increased cross-country ability and relatively low weight. Such bicycles have up to 24 gears, which are switched using a semi-automatic system. The diameter of the wheels is reduced, they are equipped with wide tires with a high relief tread. Safe descents on steep slopes on a mountain bike are guaranteed by shoe brakes with an increased size of pads, which provide a large area of \u200b\u200btraction with the rims when braking. Bicycle frames are welded from thick round, elliptical or even rectangular section. The frame height is less than that of a conventional "adult" bicycle, by difficult areas route, there is always the opportunity to instantly rest your feet on the ground and prevent a fall. The front fork is also made of high-strength tubes, and its feathers have very slight curvature to increase the maneuverability of the mountain bike. The convenience of driving such a machine on a difficult track provides a wide straight steering wheel.

Modern mountain bikes are produced by many companies in America, Europe, and Japan. The models of these popular "steel horses" are very diverse. Some of them are equipped with shock absorbers (like motorcycle ones) to increase comfort. On sale you can also find all-wheel drive "mountain bikes" with additional transmission of rotation from the pedals to the front wheel using a special flexible shaft. Such a device is especially helpful when driving on slippery roads, on loose sand or snow.

One of the most famous cycling routes in the world runs through the Canadian Rockies. In recent years, mountain bike tours have become widespread in Russia, where there are quite a few different types of complexity and patency of the mountains.

ski tourism

There are many ways to organize ski tourism. These are weekend wellness tours, skiing on flat and rough terrain, short or multi-day trips for tourist or sports purposes.

Naturally, ski tourism is most developed in the northern countries, where there is a lot of snow. Scandinavia stands out in this regard. In Finland, Sweden and Norway, you can find almost any way to travel in the snow: skis, sleds, sleds, etc. Snowmobile safaris are very popular in these countries. A very original entertainment is snowshoeing. In tourist centers, everyone will be happy to teach any of the above methods of transportation.

Despite the relative safety of skiing, long multi-day hikes in harsh deserted regions (for example, in the taiga, tundra, mountainous terrain) are quite an extreme type of tourism.

A very popular destination for skiing is the conquest of the North and South Poles. Interestingly, until now, with the exception of air transport in the form of helicopters, the conquest of these extreme points of the globe is possible only on skis. Previously, only the most daring and courageous singles or small groups of travelers went on such trips, who, moreover, had to have solid experience and preparation for polar conditions. Now such a journey can be made by almost any strong and hardy person who is in good physical shape. And although such a trip is quite expensive (special equipment and equipment are required), there are more and more people who want to ski to the poles every year. For example, in recent years in April (the most suitable month for visiting due to weather conditions), the North Pole is not overcrowded - up to 200 people can be found here at the same time.

Skiing

Alpine skiing is one of the traditional and very popular forms of tourism all over the world. Elite ski resorts have been created in many countries of Europe, the Middle East, the USA, Canada. In the resorts, along with comfortable skiing from safe mountains on well-prepared gentle slopes, special conditions are created for skiing and extreme sports (tracks for downhill skiing, slalom, freestyle, ski acrobatics, ski jumping, snowboarding).

The ski resorts also widely host various mass entertainment events and bright holidays, day and night ski colorful entertainment shows and holidays, sports competitions that attract tourists.

Currently, extreme types of ski tourism are becoming more and more developed. One of the most dangerous - sky-extreme - descents along unprepared mountain slopes has gained great popularity. Skiers are taken to the top of the mountain slope (usually by helicopter), and then they go down on skis (or on one ski) on their own.

One of the most popular places for skiers to visit in our country is the Krasnopolyansky mountain region, located at the foot of the southern slope of the Caucasus Range. This area, unique in all respects, is located at an altitude of 550–600 m above sea level and above. There are well-equipped ski slopes with a total length of 35 km with sections different levels difficulties.

Ski slopes are divided into several categories according to the degree of difficulty. Beginners start with the so-called green track - the easiest and safest. For confident skiers, there are “blue” tracks with an average slope. A very steep slope without obstacles for lovers of high speeds is called the red track. And, finally, for extreme adrenaline junkies, there are "black" tracks of increased complexity with an extremely steep slope and the presence of natural obstacles.

Each skier can choose the section of the route that suits his class and experience.

In the Krasnopolyansky district, there are all the above types of trails. The constant presence of lifeguards on duty, separate tracks for skiers, snowboarders, lugers and snowmobiles contribute to safety on mountain slopes.

In addition to skiing, extreme lovers are also offered paragliding, exotic hot air ballooning and helicopter tours.

For beginners, training courses are held. A special program is offered for aces, which is called "Pinwheel" - thrill-seekers are thrown to a height of 4 km to a snowy peak, from where they descend on their own.

In addition to skiing, numerous sightseeing tours are held in the Krasnopolyansky mountainous region, visits to flora and fauna museums, local history museums, high-mountain fishing, jeep tours, picnic trips, mini-hikes, visits to bee farms, rafting, paragliding (tandem and solo paragliding, training, rock climbing, canyoning, mountain biking, horseback riding and much more).

Each tourist is provided with maximum attention and individual approach.

In recent years, a real ski boom has been observed in Russia. Active construction of ski facilities is carried out in almost all regions and regions. There are especially many ski centers in the Moscow region. In those regions where there are no natural conditions, i.e. mountains and hills, artificial ski slopes are created on artificial hills.

Snow, even artificial, is not everywhere, and the craving for skiing is all-encompassing. For a long time you will not surprise anyone with roller skis, which are used to ride on asphalt. Have you tried skiing in the desert? In some Middle Eastern countries, famous for their tourist hospitality (for example, Dubai), they came up with such entertainment as ski slalom on the dunes, which is very popular among tourists, and, by the way, is probably one of the safest types of it.

Much less than skiing, sports and tourism are skating. This is explained by the fact that in nature there are practically no large areas with an even ice cover. Nevertheless, in some countries this type of recreation and entertainment is given a lot of attention. So, in Holland, a national traditional winter skating festival is held annually. The program of the holiday necessarily includes competitions in skating on the ice of the canals. Speed skating enthusiasts use a windsurfer's sail to increase their speed, which they hold while sliding in their hands.

Horse tourism

Riding and pack animals are perhaps the very first means of transport used by tourists and travelers (not counting rafts and boats).

Horses, ponies, mules, donkeys, dogs, deer, camels, buffaloes, yaks, elephants, llamas transport both tourists and goods.

Unlike many other modes of transport, these animals can go where a car or bicycle cannot pass, and moving on them will allow you to see what you can never see from aircraft.

Equestrian tourism

One of the most common types of tourism using riding animals is equestrian tourism. Recently, its popularity has increased incredibly. All over the world, campsites are being built to serve riders, and new equestrian tourist routes are being laid.

The advantage of horse trails is their great potential diversity. Horses can pass through mountainous and rough terrain, through sands of any complexity, through snow-covered areas with deep snow cover, through water (excluding, of course, fast-flowing water bodies, such as mountain rivers).

Equestrian tourism can also become very, very extreme, depending on the route and nature of the trip. Easy walks in the surroundings of the resort and multi-day crossings in difficult natural and landscape conditions represent very different types of tourism.

The horse is a large animal, by its nature rather shy and difficult. You need to learn how to communicate with him under the guidance of an experienced instructor, and you need to know the rules of handling no worse than the rules of the road in a car. However, horse tours have undeniable advantage in front of many others. A cavalry detachment can reach places (geographical points) where no other mode of transport can pass (for example, in the mountains).

Accordingly, the chance to discover a completely wild corner of nature, to see rare birds and animals, to experience the sensations of a true discoverer among extreme tourists traveling on horseback in remote (and not so) corners of the planet is very high.

One of the most famous equestrian routes in the world is a week-long ride through the wild mountains of the Sierra Nevada in Yosemite National Park in California (USA).

Russia has wonderful resources for the development of equestrian tourism. The number of horse-breeding complexes is growing. Among wealthy Russians, it is becoming very prestigious to have tribal horses. Horse routes, including extreme ones, are being revived in the Caucasus, Altai, Bashkiria, Chuvashia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and many other regions.

It is almost impossible to list the number of travel companies and the names of the equestrian routes that they offer. Let's take just a few of them as an example.

Travel company "Ak-tour" from Barnaul organizes horse tours in Altai "To the castles of mountain spirits", "To trout lakes", "Mountain Charym".

The Moscow firm "Apelsin-tour" will help to go on a journey on horseback "Along the Ural Ranges". There is also a Baikal equestrian tour for dummies (with a visit to the village - the ghost of Bulyk).

The Moscow travel company "Alliance-Travel" organizes nine-day horse riding tours "Baikal Odyssey". Baikal is an ageless lake of the planet, the shores of which diverge by 2 cm per year. Once upon a time, Baikal was part of the ocean. Then, as a result of tectonic processes, it turned into a lake. It is possible that someday Baikal will again merge with ocean waters.

Dog tours

Sled dogs are very popular in northern countries.

If horse tours, especially long-distance and multi-day tours, are preferable mainly in the warm season, then dog tours are possible mainly in the presence of snow. Therefore, they are especially widespread in countries and regions with a fairly long winter season. Traveling over considerable distances through snowy spaces is not only exotic. Many parts of the world, such as the tundra, can only be reached by these modes of transport. Many travel companies organize multi-day trips for extreme groups. Tourists in the process of traveling are taught to harness dogs to a harness, to manage a team. Some routes are up to 300–400 km long.

In addition to horses and dogs, depending on the region in which they are held, other animals are also used in tourist trips - elephants in Africa and Asia, ponies in Iceland. Safaris are organized on reindeer sleds (in Finland), on yaks (in Mongolia and Tibet), on camels (in the desert and semi-desert regions of Asia and Africa), etc.

Jeeping

With the development of the automotive industry and the increase in the number of road transport, car tours are becoming more common.

Now traveling by car is commonly called jeeping. Jeeping- this is an extreme trip in jeeps and other off-road vehicles, which usually takes place off-road. Often interesting tourist sites are far from well-trodden convenient roads or highways, and tourists have to follow forest roads, steppes or deserts, overcome natural obstacles, including water fords.

To overcome obstacles, vehicles must have increased cross-country ability. Jeeps or SUVs meet these goals. Currently, almost all automobile factories or concerns produce a variety of SUV models. The state of roads in Russia makes this type of transport one of the most popular in our country.

A jeep safari is a trip to nature or to a nature reserve in jeeps. For those who want to get a thrill in the tourist centers, off-road trips to the mountains, deserts and other sparsely populated and inhabited areas are organized.

To drive cars in difficult conditions, you must have certain driving skills. Off-road driving training is one of the most important tourist services, which is provided both before and during the jeep safari adventure tour.

One of the most famous jeep safari is Camel Throfy. The regular holding of the Paris-Dakar rally contributes greatly to the popularization of this type of tourism.

In the famous tourist mecca - Dubai, desert safaris are very popular, including jeep rides through the dunes.

One of the most famous travel companies in Russia that organizes adventure jeep expeditions is Russia Discovery - discoveries and adventures in Russia. The scope of its activities includes the development, organization and support of adventure expeditions to hard-to-reach places, for example, to the North. "Russia Discovery" includes two divisions: equipment and forwarding centers. In the promising developments of the company, the organization of routes using not only jeeps, but also helicopters, snowmobiles, ATVs and other vehicles. Rafting and catamaran rafting, trekking, horse riding tours, bike tours and much more are also planned. Two trial extreme-adventure expeditions organized by Russia Discovery were very successful: Hyperborea 2005 and Sovereign Road.

Very interesting is the route "Government's road". The Sovereign's Road is an engineering phenomenon and a heroic legend. In eight days, Peter I crossed the path through the Karelian taiga 260 km from Cape Vardegorsk on the White Sea to Lake Onega and stormed the Swedish fortress Noteburg (Oreshek).

Today, the road is not completely preserved, only separate sections of wooden gates remain from it.

Previously, the topic of searching for this road arose repeatedly. However, only recently a new direction in tourism has appeared - "jeeping" and a new term - "jeepers", i.e. people who were looking for lost roads.

The purpose of the trip is to drive through marshy thickets and forest roads from Cape Vardegorsky to the ancient village of Vygoretskaya Republic and further to Povenets.

This path allows you to feel all the difficulties and difficulties of the northern path.

The philosophy of jeepers is based on the principle of mutual assistance and healthy adventurism. This is the taste of a real nomadic life, the freedom to choose a route, the opportunity to visit places remote from the beaten tourist paths, to see completely new landscapes, to make amazing discoveries.

The starting point of the route is the village of Nyukhcha, from here Peter I began his campaign. This is the only settlement along the entire length of the road.

Moving along the gati can generate adrenaline in anyone. Throughout the road, there is a constant risk of sliding off the wet logs to the edge and getting stuck in the swamp. But along this road, the army of Peter I pulled frigates.

Part of the "sovereign road" is flooded by the Vygozero reservoir. The column travels along the dirt road towards the Vygoretsky Republic, located in the upper reaches of the Vyg and Leksa rivers and for about 150 years was the stronghold of the Old Believers in the Russian North.

The route ends in Povenets, from where Peter I began preparations for a military campaign on Ladoga.

The participants of the expedition, having passed the route, not only received a charge of vivacity and optimism, and, in their own words, "greatly shook" - they helped to check the historical information.

Having passed the route by car in five days, they came to the conclusion that Peter I could carry out a forced march along a pre-prepared route in a fairly short time. But it was unlikely that this was done in eight days, since the army was carrying 150 guns and 2 frigates.

No less interesting is the tour "Hyperborea 2005, or Behind the North Wind". The starting point of the tour is the city of Petrozavodsk, from which tourists go to the coast of the Barents Sea in cars assembled in a motorcade. The first stop on the way is Mount Vottovara, a famous shamanic place. During a stop at the mountain, tourists, in addition to viewing the beauties of nature, listen to a concert performed by the Karelian musical group VaTaGa. Further, the route is laid through a monument of rock art - the famous White Sea petroglyphs. After that, the convoy visits a geographical point through which the Arctic Circle passes. Ahead of the travelers are the Khibiny Mountains and the Arctic Trophy special stage with the beautiful name "Thousand Streams" and a visit to one of the most beautiful mountains with the poetic name Angvundaschorr. Then the convoy goes to the city of Murmansk. The route ends on the coast of the Barents Sea.

A softer and very common variant of jeeping is caravanning, or travel using campers ("homes on wheels").

In addition to cars, fans of extreme trips also travel on motorcycles, ATVs, tricycles, snowmobiles.

Adventure tours

Adventure tours have become an innovation in the field of tourism, which has been developed in recent decades. They have nothing in common with those adventurous wanderings of the past, which were inevitably accompanied by hunger, scurvy, and even the threat of loss of life.

The main difference between sports tourism and adventure tourism is that sports tourism is aimed at meeting certain standards, it is alien to excessive comfort and service. At the same time, adventure tourism is still a pleasure vacation with a specific cognitive purpose. Comfort and quality service are exactly what tourists pay money for. They need comfort even in a car trip. Such comfort implies high-quality varied food, excursion and entertainment programs, and most importantly, increased attention to their safety.

Active recreation in nature involves a struggle with the harsh elements that must be overcome, conquered and curbed.

Another thing is a snowmobile safari, the purpose of which is to study the life of whales or penguins in the icy silence of the Antarctic or to study the exclusively original epic "Hairstring" in Mountain Shoria. Or trekking along the abandoned Circum-Baikal Railway, laid at the beginning of the 20th century. in sheer cliffs and still amazing by the perfection of the technical thought of its creators.

Preparation for real adventures begins at the moment when a person has a desire to know the nature, history, culture of any region, best of all inaccessible and maybe even little known (given that no transport has been going to many Russian villages for a long time, such discoveries even You don't always have to travel far.

The set of means and methods of transportation on an adventure tour can be very different: rafting, canoeing, jeep, camel, elephant, horse, donkey, bicycle, and so on, ending with your own legs. The choice of means of transportation is determined by the purpose of the trip. Very often, during adventure tours, various discoveries are made that are very important for science and culture. This is especially true for Russia. The vast expanses of our country are still largely unexplored. The scale of the country and the number of research specialists are not comparable. Therefore, almost any participant in the adventure tour can discover something completely new (well, at least for themselves).

Adventure tours without extreme sports, according to one apt expression - that "potatoes without salt." Therefore, it is not necessary to separate adventure and extreme types of tourism so categorically.

Adventure tours are aimed at a significant layer of Russian and foreign tourists who want to become travel heroes for a while, to take part in a real expedition full of adventures through the most interesting and hard-to-reach places in Russia.

In this regard, one of the interesting areas of adventure tourism is the inclusion of tourists in geological, archaeological, paleontological, ethnographic, biological, geophysical expeditions conducted by scientists. Such expeditions can be either stationary (for example, at an excavation site) or exploratory, aimed at discovering new objects of study.

Adventure photo safari tours are very popular all over the world, many of which, according to the conditions, are very close to extreme sports.

One of the varieties of adventure tourism is ecological extreme travel associated with the study and protection of flora and fauna of our planet. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWR), one of the most popular non-governmental environmental organizations in the world, plays a special role in the development of this area all over the world. In Russia, there is an active branch of WWR, in the scope of which some travel companies are also involved. A small travel company "Aspera" organizes small (up to 14 people) groups of tourists going to the most exotic corners of the planet by car, motorcycle, on horseback, or even just on foot. Tours are divided into six categories according to the level of difficulty. Part of the money from each tour is donated to the WWR Russia Wildlife program.

An integral part of the sphere of adventure is historical and adventure tourism. We have already given examples of living in reconstructed conditions of different times and peoples, which have been created in many research and cultural centers. In some cases, even staying at an interesting natural, archaeological or historical monument is an extreme in itself.

For example, the life of the already mentioned historical and archaeological center Arkaim in the Chelyabinsk region is quite extreme. On the left bank of the river, next to the ancient "city", there are several small wooden houses where the staff of the reserve live. There is also an old building of the Museum "Nature and Man" and a hangar - either a cinema hall or a lecture hall.

On the right bank there is a huge platform on which there are several trailers where you can live. There is also a dining room, which is a few canopies with tables. The kitchen is a wooden house that looks like a barn. The “architectural” complex of household buildings is completed by a bookstore, also known as a souvenir shop. The rest of the territory is free. For a nominal fee, you can pitch your tents here. The only amenities are a toilet and a washbasin.

You can cook your own food - firewood is sold. That's the whole life.

Living conditions, especially in the heat, are approaching extreme. But many visitors prefer the Arkaim starry sky to trailers.

Developing the ideas of theatricalization in tourism in conjunction with extreme sports (i.e. immersion of participants in the atmosphere, life, living conditions of a particular era in the history of Russia or any other country), you can come up with a lot of projects (fortunately, the history of our country is extremely rich in various , including very extreme events).

Another direction in historical adventure tourism is the organization participation of tourists in the work of the “Search”, which conduct surveys at the battlefields of the Great Patriotic War. At present, this is mainly done by enthusiasts, and in most cases they carry out such important and necessary work at their own expense. However, this type of activity is undoubtedly associated with extreme sports, therefore, with skillful advertising and organization, it may well become an inexhaustible tourist resource for people who seek risk. The attraction of additional financial and human resources will thus allow us to solve several problems at once: the search for and reburial of soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War, the restoration of white spots in its history, the search and preservation of military rarities, patriotic education, active useful pastime, etc.

Adventure tourism has very great prospects for development in natural and cultural centers, in which various monuments of nature, history and culture are concentrated.

One of the most widely known in Russia in recent years are the reserve in Teberda and Sinegorye.

The Teberdinsky Reserve, located in Kabardino-Cherkessia, which has excellent resources, combines a variety of types of tourism activities: cultural and historical, ecological, extreme, educational types of tourism.

For tourists, the widest program has been prepared to get acquainted with the nature, history and culture of the reserve, horseback riding tours are organized for a variety of categories of people (for example, the Golden Mustang tour is a seven-day tour with hotel accommodation, combined with horseback riding reserved places, but the horse riding tour in the Duu gorge takes ten days, during which tourists swim in lakes, visit narzan springs, and enjoy fishing).

The largest astronomical laboratory is located in the Teberdinsky Reserve. Tours “Vacations in the Astronomical Laboratory” are constantly organized for schoolchildren, during which, in addition to getting to know the reserve, the guys are engaged in night observations of the starry sky with the help of the world's largest telescopes.

The country of the Blue Mountains - "Sinegorye" is located in the Sotkinsky district of the Chelyabinsk region, on the most elevated and mountainous part of the Southern Urals. Holidays in the Blue Mountains can bring many surprises - dog sledding of the Ural Father Frost, travel on lake ice to mountain ranges, climbing to the peaks.

Not far from the recreation center at the site of archaeological excavations of the VIII-III millennium BC. e. the construction of the village of craftsmen began. Tourists amateurs can live in the dwellings of the Neolithic era, test themselves in the activities and lifestyle of primitive people.

On the territory of the Blue Mountains there is the Historical and Natural Park Porogy - a monument included in the lists of especially valuable and protected monuments of history and culture of UNESCO.

If desired, tourists can take part in rafting on the Ural rivers Satka, Lunnaya, Ai. While rafting down the Ai River, you can admire a unique natural monument - the Ai prites - hundred-meter sheer cliffs that break right into the river.

Caving trips are organized for lovers of underground tourism. A well-known object to visit is the Sikiyaz-Taman cave complex, opened in 1995 on the Ai River. It is a kind of cave city, consisting of 42 underground cavities. Unique archaeological discoveries have been made in 14 caves, which represent seven historical eras - from the Paleolithic to the Middle Ages.

Adventure tourism in Russia is still a very little developed field of activity. However, its popularity is so high that it is beginning to develop in many small towns. Veliky Ustyug stands out in this regard. In the previous chapter, we already wrote about the original theatrical project "Barge haulers on the Volga", which can rightly be attributed to extreme sports. In addition, many tourist events are held in Ustyug. One of them is a one- or two-day tour on a catamaran to the cyclopean, amazing hydraulic structures of the Gulag. This "colossus" is a dam that was built before the Great Patriotic War by prisoners of the Gulag, but soon after the commissioning of the dam broke through, and the construction site was abandoned.

An interesting phenomenon observed in the civilized world in recent years is the almost mandatory participation of employees of various companies in adventure tourism. In this case, we are talking about a kind of corporate holiday. One of the latest and fastest growing corporate leisure trends is Business in the Wilderness. It is especially popular in Japan. Its concept is extremely simple: exhausted by urbanization, official meetings, managers should often go to the wild and right there, in its wild bosom, hold seminars and conferences, live in tents or mobile campsites in the forests, mountains, rafting on mountain rivers, galloping horse riding or cycling.

And this is where Russia can really, really help businessmen. Something, but we have enough places for extreme sports. Of course, the shortcomings of our service and maintenance should not be included in the concept of "extreme".

One of essential conditions conducting adventure tours is to ensure the safety of tourists and travelers. Tour operators are well aware that security is a matter of the reputation of a travel company. The more difficult the declared route, the higher the requirements for its organization and the level of training of participants.

For each person, the word "adventure" has its own meaning. The main thing is to enjoy the active life and remember that adventure is something you create yourself.

Exotic tours

In addition to the usual adventurous extreme tourist travels and adventures, very exotic ones have recently developed in Russia.

A very popular direction in extreme tourism is the so-called military tourism.

One notable example is the range of thrills offered by Zashchitnik, a public organization in Yaroslavl, organized by veterans of the recent hostilities in Russia. During the tour "Kursk Bulge to order" those who wish can try themselves as a conscript. Volunteer conscripts are accommodated in the barracks, equipped on the territory of the former military unit. By subscribing to the tour, each "rookie" determines what delights of army life he would like to experience. So, you can fly a helicopter for 500 USD. e. per hour, drive an armored personnel carrier (140 c. e.), jump with a parachute (85 c. e.) or master the basics of hand-to-hand combat (150 c. e. for 2 hours). Those who wish are also offered a hazing program, the content of which is kept secret. You don’t have to pay for it - this is a kind of present from the organizers of the tour.

The idea was continued and developed in the Urals. The Ekaterinburg company "Good company" offers as a tourist service riding on combat vehicles (tanks, armored personnel carriers, self-propelled guns), rented from one of the parts of the Volga Military District. As a rule, adrenaline junkies are not allowed to steer on the most complex equipment - professional drivers sit behind the wheel. But everyone can drive a self-propelled gun and even take part in a tank battle for an additional fee.

Fans of passive recreation are invited to lie down in a trench and experience unforgettable sensations while the tank irons this same trench. This one-day tour is not cheap. The minimum program for fans of war games, provided that a group of 40 people gathers, costs from 5,000 rubles per participant. Despite this, there are more than enough people who want to play war.

This is not the only type of adventure holiday.

You can also go on an expedition to the Ural Mountains, organized in the spirit of "The Last Hero" and stories about Indiana Jones. Or, without leaving Yekaterinburg, you can remember your childhood and play “Twelve Notes” or “Cossack Robbers”.

Similar adventure extreme tours in the style of “Cossacks mastering Siberia”, “Cossacks on the Volga or on the Don” (or on any other river), “Gold diggers at a mine” and so on, depending on the initial resources, can be organized in many regions of Russia . The Siberian "shackle paths" can become especially steep. By the way, the probability of making discoveries, including great ones, during adventure tours in Russia is very high - with our scale, the level of exploration of even seemingly inhabited areas is very low.

A very original tour is a trip called "Chernobyl stalkers" organized by a Ukrainian travel company. It is a tour of the Chernobyl exclusion zone. This zone with a radius of about 30 km, closed to outsiders, was created in 1986, after the infamous explosion of the fourth unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The earth in it is still “fonit”, but this does not stop desperate tourists. The tour also takes place along the streets of the dead city of Pripyat. The radiation level here ranges from 15 to 200 microroentgens per hour, but, as the organizers of the tour assure, a short stay of tourists in the Chernobyl zone is completely safe. One way or another, but there are many who want to visit it.

Speleotourism

The exploration of caves, deep mines, faults or abysses is one of the most dangerous and difficult activities. One of its varieties, which has arisen relatively recently, is the study of underground communications, the inhabitants of which are diggers.

It should be noted that even the usual exploration of simple caves is associated with great dangers (for example, radiation, daughter products of radon deposited in the lungs, the possibility of collapses, etc.).

Speleotourism can be very different in direction. Excursion and educational tours are held in caves specially equipped for excursions. In such caves, tourists move along specially laid paths or by transport (for example, mini-electric locomotives), they have lighting, the routes are accompanied by qualified guides. Visiting equipped caves does not require special physical training.

Sports speleology involves visiting unequipped, but to some extent studied caves. Such caves are usually safe, and groups of tourists are accompanied by experienced instructors.

Speleotourism of scientific and research orientation is the travel of professional speleologists in order to discover and explore new caves and cave complexes. It is this type of speleology that can be called extreme. It requires special equipment, training and special skills.

However, the hardships and dangers of caving and the huge risk pay off with interest. The beauty of underground palaces with stunning beauty of stalactites and stalagmites, the most diverse bizarre creations of nature, fascinates and amazes. There are many unique caves in the world. To name just a few of them: the colossal cave "Grotto of the Giants" in Europe, the "Marble Cave" in Kentucky (USA), Waitomo in New Zealand, New Athos in Abkhazia, the Kungur cave in the Urals, the Thousand-Headed Cave in the Crimea and hundreds of other amazing underground structures of nature. Each of them is unique and has its own unique features.

However, speleologists-enthusiasts do not rest on their laurels. They are not stopped by many days of dangerous descents, steep shafts and wells, underground rivers and lakes, because amazing discoveries and impressions await them.

3. Air tourism, recreation and entertainment

Human imagination is limitless - professional designers and enthusiasts have already invented many ways to move through the air - on balloons, airships, gliders, hang gliders, parachutes, paragliders, paramotors, seaplanes, ekranoplanes, as well as aircraft of various purposes and models (from "corn" to supersonic fighter) - and almost all of them are used in one way or another in the field of tourism, recreation and entertainment.

Gliding

"Youth - to the gliders!" This slogan, popular in the first half of the 20th century, calling for the mastering of aviation technology by boys and girls, is almost forgotten today. And in the 1920-1930s. gliding was considered the second step in obtaining the profession of a pilot. This sport was practiced by tens of thousands of people across the country.

A glider is one of the lightest aircraft. Since it does not have a motor, in order to fly, the device must first be accelerated to a certain speed. This is done either by towing it with a rope by another aircraft, or from the ground by a car or a special tensioning device. When the necessary speed of movement is reached, which provides lift, the cable is unhooked, and the glider soars freely in the air.

Flying a glider requires certain flying skills, abilities and pilot training. Such training necessarily includes obtaining a certificate. The maintenance and service of gliders, the organization of flights, the training of pilots is carried out in flying clubs. There are hundreds of gliding centers in the US and Europe.

In Russia today, glider flights attract only a few enthusiasts. At the same time, in the states of Western and of Eastern Europe, in America, gliding is one of the most popular types of outdoor activities, interest in which is constantly growing. And this is not surprising, because almost everyone knows the desire to fly. When choosing between an airplane and a glider, you can see that the latter has a number of advantages. This sport is extreme, but it is relatively safe - the glider cannot catch fire, due to the lack of a propeller, leaving it with a parachute does not cause much difficulty, and the requirements for a glider landing site are much less stringent.

Until the early 1990s. gliding classes include mainly such disciplines as flying at speed, over distance, along routes.

The successes achieved by glider pilots are impressive. For example, the world record for glider flight distance is 3000 km - the distance between Moscow and Novosibirsk.

In the last 15 years, a new concept has appeared in gliding sport - "aerobatics on a glider", i.e. aerial acrobatics. Today it is the main sport discipline. According to the rules in a virtual cube with sides of 1 km, the athlete must perform a certain number of maneuvers. As in figure skating, there are free and compulsory programs. Judges evaluate the observance of the accuracy of the borders of the cube, the purity and quality of the elements. It may seem surprising, but modern aerobatic gliders - Polish Swifts, Foxes and others - can perform absolutely all complex and aerobatic maneuvers available to sports aircraft.

Currently, the World Gliding Aerobatics Championships (WGAC) are held annually. This spectacular event is held by Hungary, Sweden, USA, Spain and Great Britain.

The Russian team in the championships traditionally wins prizes. This is not surprising, given the specifics of the training of our aerobatic glider pilots - almost all of them "transferred" to gliders from acrobatic aircraft.

In 2005, the WGAC was held for the first time in our country at the Drakino airfield near Moscow, located not far from Serpukhov. More than 60 athletes from Poland, Hungary, France, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands announced their participation in the competition.

The organizers of the competition expect that, in addition to purely sporting interest, the event will contribute to the strengthening of the tourist attractiveness of the Moscow region and the development of infrastructure for outdoor activities.

The competition program includes the following events. Within three days before the start of the official program of the championship, an extensive program of performances by paratroopers, light aircraft, Air Force fighters, and the launch of balloons is planned here.

At the airfield in Drakino, a two-story hotel for 70-75 people is being built for participants in the competition, as well as a house for judges, a catering point.

The championship will attract the attention of tourists. In the future, on the basis of the renovated Drakin and the complex of buildings located on its territory, it is planned to organize a center for extreme technical sports, mainly related to aviation. Tracks for cyclists, skateboarders and roller skaters will also be built, as well as a wall for training and rock climbing competitions.

Equestrian and paintball clubs, saunas, gyms and tennis courts will start working. Active recreation can be combined with a rich excursion and educational program, since the Serpukhov land is rich in historical and cultural monuments.

A very common aircraft is hang glider. For its flight, acceleration from a mountain, from land or water is required by towing by a car or boat. In order to expand the possibility of flights and reduce dependence on air currents, light propeller motors are often installed on hang gliders.

Ballooning

A unique, but also expensive form of air travel is ballooning, or balloon tours. One of the most popular varieties is a trip to airships. An airship, unlike a balloon, is equipped with propellers, motors and a complex control system, so flights on it are much more purposeful and depend not only on air currents, but also largely on pilots.

Since the late 1960s widespread air travel. Dozens of hot air balloon clubs have been established around the world. Balloon festivals are held annually in many countries. As a rule, the program of such festivals necessarily includes races on this rather dangerous form of transport.

Flights in hot air balloons, airships, gliders, paragliders or hang gliders not only allow you to admire the beautiful views, get an unforgettable experience and make unique photo and video recordings (for example, flying over waterfalls or volcano craters). They are very often used for various scientific and economic purposes, for the study of places that are practically inaccessible in other ways.

Parachuting

One of the extreme sports and tourism is parachuting or, skydiving. Skydiving is very popular all over the world among various categories of tourists. This sport is available to almost everyone (naturally, with the exception of people with medical contraindications), including the elderly and the disabled.

In addition to simple jumps, such as tandem jumps with an instructor or from a standard height, there are more extreme types of parachuting. Among them, the most famous are long jumps, jumps from a low altitude (800 m) with forced opening of a parachute, etc.

To engage in this type of sports tourism, it is necessary to master the basic techniques and skills of free fall, control and maneuvering of both a parachute and one's own body in flight, and then obtain a license that allows parachuting.

New types of parachuting entertainment are skysurfing- free flight using a wide ski from a snowboard, as well as acrobatic stunts and somersaults in free flight. One of the most dangerous, but at the same time beautiful and exciting spectacles is air freestyle.

In addition to the actual parachuting, the parachute is used in other tours. With its help, groups of tourists land in hard-to-reach areas, such as mountains, jungles, and the North Pole.

Skydiving is carried out not only from aircraft, but also from high cliffs and mountain slopes.

One option for parachuting is paramotoring. In this case, the skydiver attaches a light motor to his back, which, in the presence of powerful air currents, allows you to make fairly long parachute flights.

Kiting

Currently, entertainment has appeared that combines the conquest of several elements at once. More recently, their list has been replenished with a whole family, united by the common name kiting(from the English kite - "kite"). If earlier a person flying a kite could only admire the beauty of his flight, now, if you wish, you can take part in this very flight. Kiting is riding on water or on land in tow behind a huge kite, which is previously launched into the air by the rider himself. In fact, everything new, as we have repeatedly seen, is just a well-forgotten old. According to historical information, on tethered aircraft - kites - people have been flying into the air since the 12th century, and at the beginning of the 20th century. in France, England and the USA, the so-called snake clubs were very popular. However, then, for unknown reasons, this fun was firmly and for a long time forgotten. Its revival in our days is associated with the emergence of modern light and high-strength materials.

Despite the tricky new and unusual names (kitesurfing, bodysurfing, scudding, moonwalking and lifting), these sports and entertainment disciplines actually become quite understandable upon detailed acquaintance.

Kitesurfing (kite + surfing) is a way of moving in space, in which the athlete glides along the water surface or waves on the board, carried away by a kite launched into the air. He controls his engine with the help of special lines (there may be two or four). The kite flies with the wind or moves like a sailing ship against the wind flow with tacks. In the latter case, certain skills are required in controlling a kite - a kite capable of dragging an inept athlete far from the coast in strong winds, about which beginners must be warned by trainers. To master such skills, at least 10-20 hours of training are required. By the way, mastering the skill of kiting usually begins on land and not even with the kite itself, but with its layout. In the first launches, an instructor helps a beginner athlete, and only after some time does the experience of independently launching and controlling a kite come. One of the varieties of kitesurfing is riding on a board under a parachute.

The other two types of kite entertainment are − bodysurfing and scuding - are sliding on the feet, respectively, on the water or on the sandy beach without a board. This is possible only at high speed, so the wind must be very decent, and the kite, i.e. the kite, must provide powerful traction. For skuding, of course, you need a vast and deserted beach. In busy places for recreation, filled with people, you will not especially slip. Despite the fact that skuding is by no means a safe activity, since “sliders on the sand” can be injured in inevitable falls, the movement of skuding enthusiasts is constantly expanding.

Term "moonwoking" comes from the English words moon - "moon" and wolken - "walk". This ride is most similar to the "giant steps" attraction, the Athlete makes his kite constantly perform an aerobatic maneuver known as a "slide". Soaring up, the kite for some time raises the athlete above the water surface or the earth's firmament (in the latter case, the athlete, of course, risks much more). According to experts, the entertainment is exciting.

The most dangerous of kite-flying activities is kite-lifting, or, as it is called, "lifting". Like a hang glider, the athlete holds on to a special trapezoid attached to the kite, and the kite is securely connected to the ground with a safety rope. Actually, it was precisely such entertainments that the “snake clubs” mentioned above practiced. In those days, they were closed due to a large number of injuries and falls.

Ways of kiting or, as it is sometimes called, “riding a dragon”, are not limited to the above list at all.

The fantasy of thrill-seekers knows no limits. You can follow the kite on a snowboard, skis, skateboard, roller skates or ordinary skates, and even, with special comfort, on special carts - kiteballs, reminiscent of a buggy car. Kiting freestylers master not only the water surface, sand or asphalt (on roller skates). The kite is very popular when skiing down the mountain slopes. In order to ride the “dragon”, you only need a large enough space and the right wind!

The kiting movement has developed so widely that since 1998 regular kiting world championships have been held.

According to the time and methods of conducting, they are winter and summer. The program of the championships necessarily includes the competition of athletes in the speed of passing a measured distance. A very spectacular discipline is freestyle kiting, representing the performance of various tricks and acrobatic numbers on the surf. Required condition freestyle: after each trick, the athlete must land steadily or splash down (depending on where the competition is held) his surf. Another, so far unofficial, but extremely popular among athletes, competitions are competitions for the duration of continuous kite flight. Some experienced participants manage to stay in the air for up to 10 seconds.

Kites are very popular in seaside resorts both abroad and in Russia - on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory, on the Sea of Azov.

Of course, kites designed for kiting bear only a vague resemblance to the soaring toys familiar to many of us, which we once glued together from slats and paper in “Skillful Hands” circles.

A kite kite is a fairly complex and durable design. Connoisseurs assure that it is practically indestructible; the kite is able to withstand more than one collision with the ground during a sudden fall without consequences for itself. Despite the relative youth of the new fashionable entertainment, a huge number of various designs kites. Many of them can already be purchased in Russia in special stores, although these sports equipment are quite expensive.

It is impossible to list all their models, so we will talk about the main ones.

The first among kites to appear was the traditional frame kite, reminiscent of a hang glider or windsurfing sail. Possessing good aerodynamic characteristics, the frame kite allows the athlete to move both with the wind and against it. But to make it rise from the water is far from an easy task: a huge cloth firmly “sticks” to the surface of the water, and considerable experience and skill of an athlete are required to tear the kite off.

And then craftsmen-designers invented an inflatable kite. Unlike frame kites, inflatable kites are launched from the water quite easily even with significant excitement. The inflatable kite consists of six separately inflatable sections (the leading edge of the wing and five ribs) and does not have rigid elements. For this reason, it is the safest for the athlete: even falling on his head (and this happens quite often in kiting), the athlete will not get injured. But these advantages become disadvantages when used on land. No matter how strong the shell is, it is quite possible to pierce it with a knot, a sharp stone or an ice floe. Therefore, for land entertainment it is used much less frequently.

One of the most efficient designs in terms of aerodynamic characteristics are air-pressure kites, or aerofoils. A series of rib-profiles connects the lower and upper shells of the kite. The whole structure is inflated by wind pressure, taking on a working, flight form. In appearance, a modern aerofoil frame kite - a kite filled with wind, on the ground looks like a large tourist tent. But only experienced athletes with solid training can fly them. When falling on water, an airfoil kite can fill with water and simply sink. However, real masters cope with this task, using the few seconds allotted to them for a new take-off.

Airtight aerofoils are spared such problems. They are closed for most of their length. Air enters through several valves that are pressurized from the inside when the kite is ready to fly. Preparation usually takes at least 2-3 minutes, and this is considered by experts to be a design flaw.

It is probably possible to build a kite on your own. But experienced athletes strongly warn against such amateur performances. Kiting is an extreme sport where the quality of the equipment, its durability and reliability are extremely important. And so that exciting entertainment does not end in a hospital bed, this advice should probably not be neglected.

Aviation tourism

Extremely popular in Europe, the USA, Australia are flights on light motor aircraft and helicopters, which are used for a variety of purposes, including in the field of tourism and entertainment. Unfortunately, in Russia this type of technology has not yet received widespread use.

In addition to light aircraft, flights on serious equipment are gaining more and more popularity. In many program countries aviation tourism have long been in stable demand among tourists. Extreme enthusiasts fly almost all types of aircraft and helicopters. A very interesting program is offered by the German travel company Alpha Travel. It begins with training flights on simulators for training pilots of the Luftgansa company in Berlin. Then the "cadets" are given the opportunity to fly on lightweight aircraft. The culmination of the program is the flight on the legendary Junkers. There are only five such aircraft in operation worldwide.

Flights on Soviet and Russian equipment, especially military ones, are in great demand among tourists. There are many Western companies that offer wealthy fans of extreme recreation to fly Russian combat aircraft in the Moscow region and even over Moscow. The cost of such programs varies depending on the technology and the duration and complexity of the flight from 6-7 to 40 thousand dollars. However, there are more than enough people who want to.

The North American company Incredible Adventures, which specializes in extreme types of recreation, claims that since the early 1990s. she managed to ride on jet "MiGs", "Sushki" and "Elks" over 2000 people.

In general, aviation tourism in our country is in its infancy. Unlike the countries of Europe and America, its initiators were not travel companies, but flying clubs, which after the crisis of the early 1990s. and the collapse of the DOSAAF system turned out to be left to their own devices, or, more simply, left to their own devices. When it became clear that “saving the drowning is the work of the drowning themselves”, in order to survive, flying clubs began to look for various ways for self-financing. It all started with familiarization flights, primarily for wealthy foreign tourists. Then the number and quality of tourist services increased noticeably. At the same time, wealthy extreme tourists appeared among our fellow citizens. The democratization of Russian society also played its role. Military departments have become more open.

Now almost anyone who has the necessary amount can make an air trip on any type of aircraft of interest to him - from the Yaks of the Great Patriotic War and the "corn" to ultra-modern aircraft.

The program can include a wide variety of pleasures: simple flights over the airfield, flying along a specially ordered route or in the pilot area. Naturally, flights outside the airfield require mandatory approval from various departments.

Today in Russia there are a large number of flying clubs that have the widest range of aircraft. The most famous aviator training center is the Mayachkovo airfield near Moscow. Flying clubs "Captain Nesterov", "Aviatech", "FAC" and others are based here.

In recent years, aviation tourism has been actively developing in the regions, since we have a lot of military airfields and equipment from the time of the existence of the Soviet Union.

4. Space tourism

At the beginning of the third millennium, a fundamentally new type of tourism appeared on planet Earth - space travel. True, so far space flights are available only to very wealthy and, moreover, people with good health. At the end of 1999, a company called Atlas Aerospace was created. For a round sum, she prepares tourists for space flights: she trains them and gives them the knowledge necessary for such extreme travel. The birthday of space tourism is considered April 28, 2005, when the American billionaire Denis Tito took off from Baikonur on the Soyuz TM-32 spacecraft. Tourist No. 2, South African citizen Mark Shuttlevert, will visit orbit next year for a ten-day visit.

Space tourism on the planet is developing at a rapid pace. On June 21, 2004, the private American subspace manned spacecraft "SpacShipOne" (SS1) went into space for the first time, making the first commercial flight. Immediately after this event, interest in space tourism increased significantly. The road to space is now open not only for professional astronauts and scientists, but also for billionaires. The fact is that a flight on the spacecraft "SpacShipOne" will cost much less, only a hundred thousand dollars, and not the 20 million that international space stations now take from a passenger. The cost of a space flight would therefore be approximately equal to the cost of a luxury car. And this will significantly expand the circle of potential customers.

Technically, the flight on "SpacShipOne" is as follows. The jet carrier with the romantic name "White Knight" reaches a height of 15 km. This is followed by the separation of SS1, which rises to a height of 101 km above the Earth. The tourist spacecraft is designed for three people: one pilot and two tourists.

SpacShipOne was designed and built by the team of American designer and owner of Scaled Composites LLC, Bert Rutan.

In Russia, developments are also being carried out in this direction, and aerospace flight systems are being designed. One of the most promising projects is the development of a system consisting of a high-altitude aircraft M-55 "Geophysics" and a shuttle, named "C - XXI".

Space tourism is one of the most promising areas of entertainment. According to the developers of commercial space flight systems, this is very profitable business. Wealthy people are ready to pay any money to experience something incredible and unique. In this regard, little can be compared with flying in space.

For less affluent space adventurers, space flight training centers offer the widest range of services (for example, test yourself on the appropriate simulators, experience the feeling of weightlessness, etc.).

5. Water tourism

There are different types of water tourism - from the most comfortable and safe to super-extreme, accessible only to well-trained athletes. A water tourist must not only be able to swim well, he must know, be able to distinguish and overcome obstacles encountered on the river. Even in the simplest trips, boat accidents, people falling into the water, and various injuries are possible. Since unforeseen situations on the water are much more dangerous than on land, the organizers of water tours, especially with extreme elements, should take care of the presence of experienced instructors in the groups.

Depending on the chosen route, even a boat trip can become extreme if you are touring the northern Siberian rivers. The simplest extreme on the water can be multi-day trips on oars or kayaks without motors, in the style of Stenka Razin's trips or trade merchant caravans. For greater effect, such trips can be combined with theatrical performances, where the role of Cossacks or merchants will be played by experienced instructors.

The basis of water tourism is traveling on various swimming facilities. One of the most common and simple among them are rafts. Currently, domestic and foreign industry produces rafts for a variety of purposes (rescue, entertainment, hunting, rafting and other purposes).

Rafting

A raft is an inflatable raft for river rafting. Rafting is rafting on rapids on inflatable boats. The raft is an elongated oval designed for several people at once. They hold on to it mainly with their feet, pushing them into special loops like stirrups, since their hands are busy with oars during the rafting.

A well-coordinated rowing is very important for rafting, otherwise the fast current will twist the boat around its axis.

The raft has a captain (instructor), without whom rafting is impossible. This is a rather dangerous sport and entertainment, so the captain does not tolerate objections from the sailors.

Rafting has become widespread almost everywhere where there is the possibility of rafting on rivers. The world championship in rafting takes place on the African Zambezi River, a little downstream from the famous Victoria Falls.

In our country, the most famous event in the world of rafting is the Vuoksa festival held annually on June 26 on the river of the same name. Losevsky threshold, where the main events of the festival unfold, is located 80 km from St. Petersburg. The most striking and memorable spectacle of this event is the mass rafting on a stormy rapid.

Despite the fact that rafting is possible in certain areas and at certain times of the year, nature has not offended Russia with rivers for rafting. Karelia is very rich in such rivers. Only standard routes are laid on more than a dozen rivers.

Depending on the age, state of health and degree of preparedness, routes of varying degrees of difficulty are offered.

For beginners, it is better to choose simple routes that combine active rest with a calm one. For example, in the south of Karelia there are relatively simple rafting routes. Tourists raft for 1-2 hours, then a picnic is organized for them in nature with local delicacies and drinks. After the picnic, tourists get on a bus and go to Petrozavodsk, from where they are taken from the port located on Lake Onega to Kizhi.

The combination of extreme sports with cultural tourism is also carried out in northern Karelia. In addition to the rafting itself, a rich cultural program is also provided here, for example, viewing the petroglyphs of the White Sea region and an excursion to the Solovetsky Islands.

For lovers of extreme sports, who want to break away from civilization as far as possible, they organize a departure by helicopter to the upper reaches of the Ileksa River, where no other transport can reach and there is no human habitation for tens or even hundreds of kilometers. Two weeks spent on the wild river include fishing, picking mushrooms, berries, i.e. life in complete harmony with nature. Thus, ecological and extreme types of tourism are combined in one tour.

Rafting is very popular in the Caucasus, especially around the cities of Sochi and Adler. On hot days, the organizers of rafting can hardly cope with the influx of tourists who want to experience the thrill. Different sections of the river make both novice rafters and experienced rafting "wolves" feel like heroes.

Very popular among experienced rafters of the Altai River. The best Russian athletes train here. The Chuya and Katun rivers have some of the most difficult slalom tracks with dangerous and challenging rapids and swells.

Along with sports, commercial rafting is very common here. By the way, tourists can at the same time get acquainted with the famous Chuysky tract. Not all difficult and interesting routes from the point of view of rafting have convenient entrances. The absence of railways and roads in many areas makes rafting in these places an expensive and inaccessible pleasure.

Professional rafting has special requirements for age - not younger than 18 and not older than 50-60 years old, you need good health. For younger or older tourists, it is better to choose a hiking or horseback riding along the banks of the same rivers.

One of the coolest things to do is a multi-day rafting on the Oka Sayanskaya River in the Baikal region. For 60 km there is not a single calm section. On this route, tourists are necessarily accompanied by instructors on an escort catamaran.

But there are also calmer rafting routes - one of them is located on the East Siberian river Irkut (translated from Buryat - "spinning"). Rafters are allowed on it, including children from 7 years old. At its source and mouth it is a classic mountain river, and in the Lower Tunkinskaya Valley it is a calm and smooth flow through the territory of the national park. This route is combined with a cultural program - visits to sacred shamanistic and Buddhist places. An obligatory custom is the ritual worship of local spirits in order to appease them. It consists in spraying vodka on all sides of the world in the sacred place of the Buryats - obo.

It is believed that this is a mandatory guarantee of a successful trip.

General turbulent emotions and unforgettable impressions - how can you compare this with lying on the beach, when parents, exhausted from the heat, brush off, like annoying flies, from children who do not know what to do with themselves.

Currently, many extreme people are mastering complex tours that include several types of extreme tourism, such as rafting and canning. An example is rafting on one of the largest rivers of the Taimyr Peninsula - Kotuyu. Kotuy is not only famous for its fast current, but also widely known among river rafting enthusiasts as the “Kotui pipe”. The Kotuy pipe is a deep canyon cut by a river in a basalt massif. The height of the walls reaches 200 m. The length of the Kotuy pipe is about 13 km. In some places, the level of the river drops in the canyon to 150–180 m. The current is very powerful and fast along the entire length of the “pipe”. A strong surf hits the shores almost everywhere. Crossing the canyon is very difficult, dangerous, but at the same time interesting. On both sides of the river, completely smooth vertical walls rise, which then diverge, then converge again. Sometimes it even gives the impression of a tunnel. The coastline is completely absent, and no one measured the bottom. Upon leaving the canyon, travelers are waiting for several very dangerous rapids. However, then the river ends up in a completely amazing place, which, according to eyewitnesses, resembles either an enchanted valley, or a space art gallery. At a great distance along the shore are placed gigantic rocks of the most fantastic forms, very reminiscent of a variety of sculptures.

There are also less dangerous routes. For example, the firm "Stella" organizes 2-3-day tours that include various activities.

On the first day, tourists visit the 20-meter-high waterfall "White Bridges", cross the gorge on wooden bridges and prepare for the "high-altitude extreme" - they learn to climb ropes at a 7-meter height - they take the so-called rope course.

The second day of the trip is dedicated to rafting down the Janiaz, the most unpredictable river in Karelia. Rafting is a 25-kilometer route consisting of 10 rapids and 3 waterfalls. The constant change of rhythms does not allow tourists to relax even for a minute.

The third day includes motor rafting, i.e. a trip on the same raft, only with a motor.

At the end of the tour, a festive tourist lunch in nature is organized for participants. Thus, in three days the organizers managed to organically combine contemplation, knowledge, mega-active and all the participants of the tour.

Traveling on rowing and sailing ships

In addition to rafts, water travel also uses other swimming facilities, both ancient and ultra-modern - kayaking tours, kayaking, catamarans, sailing ships, etc.

Rafts, various boats, boats and other vessels, national or recreated according to old models, are very popular.

The pioneer of this area is undoubtedly the great traveler Thor Heyerdahl. His sailings on the famous rafts Kon-Tiki, Ra, Tigris laid the foundation for a whole direction in extreme tourism - overcoming the seas and oceans alone or in very small groups on very small and fragile rowing vessels.

The famous Norwegian explorer made his first trip together with five comrades back in 1947. The route of the brave group lay from the coast of Peru to the islands of Polynesia. According to the exceptional determination and skill of the expedition members, with whom they made, using minimal material equipment, a dangerous sea voyage across the Pacific Ocean, this trip is one of the most daring and outstanding expeditions of the 20th century.

On a simple raft of nine logs fastened with ropes of plant stems, with the simplest straight sail, the explorers traveled about 4,300 nautical miles from the coast of South America to the islands of Polynesia. They sailed on their very small raft a distance twice that of Christopher Columbus during his first voyage to the West Indies, which he made on well-equipped seaworthy ships, although small in size.

The success of Thor Heyerdahl's voyage was due to an accurate analysis of the interaction of currents and winds in that part of the Pacific Ocean in which the journey took place. In terms of the depth of scientific foresight and the courage of the enterprise, this expedition can only be compared with the drift across the Arctic Ocean, carried out in 1893-1896. another outstanding Norwegian navigator - Fridtjof Nansen.

The goal of Heyerdahl's expedition was to prove that the ancient inhabitants of Latin America, in particular Peru, could sail on their very simple rafts to the islands of Polynesia. At one time, Thor Heyerdahl belonged to a group of ethnographers who adhered to the American hypothesis about the origin of the Polynesians. These scientists believed that the islands of Oceania were inhabited by immigrants from South or North America. Other researchers believed that this was not the case. As evidence, they primarily pointed to the absence of well-equipped seagoing ships among the ancient inhabitants of America, and especially among the inhabitants of the Pacific coast.

Thor Heyerdahl decided to refute the objection that it was impossible to sail from Peru to Polynesia in primitive Peruvian ships. With his journey on the Kon-Tiki, he brilliantly proved that on a raft, no different from the ancient Peruvian, you can sail, using the current and trade winds, almost to the center of Polynesia. Despite the fact that Heyerdahl himself later wrote that he proved by this only the excellent seaworthiness of the basalt rafts, and the hypotheses about the American or Asian origin of the Polynesians require additional scientific justification, his journey should be considered one of the most remarkable and daring scientific enterprises of the last century.

Heyerdahl's undertakings were picked up by dozens and hundreds of brave sailors. Of course, not everyone will decide alone or with a small team on small boats to go on a trip around the world. And yet today in the world's oceans there are constantly quite a lot of such daredevils. One of the most famous of our compatriots, who has repeatedly surprised and delighted the whole world, is, of course, Fedor Konyukhov.

Of course, among sea travelers there are " clean water adrenaline junkies”, however, most of these expeditions pursue very specific scientific and practical goals. Such trips bring a lot of useful information - messages about the weather, the state of the ocean, observations of wildlife, information about pollution are transmitted from ships. surface water etc. After all, not everything is visible from the high sides of huge liners plowing the seas and oceans.

Thus, extreme water tourism is directly related to ecological tourism. Man is just beginning to explore the depths of the sea. Given the volume of the world's oceans (4/5 of the planet Earth is under water), we can say that we are just beginning to get acquainted with this amazing, mysterious world.

Another very important task of such extreme sea voyages is the testing of new types of swimming facilities and equipment.

And, perhaps, the most important achievement of this direction in extreme tourism is the development of rules of conduct and ways of surviving people, by chance (for example, as a result of a disaster and the flooding of a ship, accidental falling overboard, taking bathers and divers by strong currents into the open sea, etc.). e) caught in the ocean in a force majeure situation. The experience of brave lone travelers helped to save more than one life.

Many active tourists prefer sailing on small boats to luxurious cruises on huge ocean-going ships. In this case, they can get acquainted with the water world not from a great height and from afar, but in close proximity to it.

Some enthusiasts are not satisfied with the standard modern boats that are offered by numerous firms specializing in sea travel. Many of them, uniting in teams, companies, associations and clubs, recreate the designs of many ancient and medieval ships using ancient technologies, ranging from the simplest rafts and boats to schooners and caravels.

One of the first rowing ships built by man to sail the seas were rowing boats - galleys, which were driven mainly by muscle power. In most cases, such muscular strength was slaves or warriors (for example, the Vikings). There are quite a lot of tourists all over the world who are ready to make difficult sea crossings, repeating the paths of the ancients. Often such trips help to test many hypotheses and conjectures of scientists and make more than one amazing discovery. We have repeatedly had to say that the most spectacular in all respects will be tours and travels that combine several areas - theatrical, extreme, ecology, etc. Naturally, a trip on a "real" galley or boat in the appropriate costumes and weapons, and accompanied by the necessary rituals, will leave a much greater emotional impression on private traders than just ordinary water riding.

Less extreme and physically fit tourists are also not at all opposed to experiencing their dose of thrills. A variety of boats of traditional national cultures are very popular among them.

A modern tourist is not only ready to pay a decent amount for living in an Indian wigwam or an Eskimo igloo, to taste the national cuisine, to get acquainted with the customs of traditional societies, he also wants to ride an Indian canoe or an Eskimo kayak, and at the same time try to fish or hunt in local ways.

Today, the canoe is a very popular rowing boat both in America and in Europe. It is used in sports competitions and for travel and entertainment, hunting and rafting on rough rivers.

The number of paddlers per canoe depends on the size of the boat and the number of passengers and cargo.

Canoeing - the most fascinating type of travel on rivers and lakes. In addition, a canoe is one of the most convenient boats for transporting passengers and placing cargo on it. The canoe is also very convenient for hunting and fishing, as it is very easy to steer and maneuver, and also very stable, which allows the hunter or fisherman sitting in the boat to take a comfortable position.

A kayak is a hunting boat. Usually it is designed for one person. But sometimes kayaks are built for two or three people. The frame of a kayak is made from specially treated wood or animal bones, which are tied together with straps. Then the frame is covered with the skin of a deer or marine animals (walrus, seal, sea lion) and soaked in fat. Such a boat is indispensable for sailing along the cold northern rivers and the coasts of the northern seas.

In addition to the above, modern water tourists, depending on the region, travel on reconstructed British boats coracles, ancient Persian gufs, Amur troubles, canoes, boats, etc.

In addition to ships moving with the help of muscular strength, sailboats have always been and remain a very popular means of travel. Cruises on vintage and traditional sailing ships is one of the fastest growing types of tourism in the US and Europe.

Currently, many firms offer a very peculiar tourist product - an internship as a cabin boy on large sailing ships. Such an internship can be one-day or last up to 12-16 days. The age of applicants for such an internship is from 15 years. Youth under 25 years of age receive a discount.

A very popular water travel destination is yachting. Depending on the size and purpose of the yacht, they are divided into racing, cruising and racing, pleasure and tourist.

Yacht lovers around the world are united by thousands of different yacht clubs. In Russia, the first yacht clubs appeared before the revolution.

Despite the fact that sailing on most yachts (with the exception of especially comfortable and large ones) is not an easy task, here, as in other types of tourism, an extreme direction has developed.

In recent years, racing of yachts of various classes has become a very popular type of yachting. The palm here belongs, of course, to superclass yacht racing. A few years ago, the world's attention was drawn to the longest marathon in the history of sailing, which lasted more than 10 months - "Whitbread Round the Wored Rall". The length of this swim exceeded 33 thousand nautical miles.

The main components of the idea of such races are adventures and difficulties.

However, super yacht racing is a big sport, accessible only to well-trained professionals. At the same time, thousands of extreme people, and just lovers of sea travel of all ages, men and women, dream of taking part in such events. It is for this category of tourists that various yacht-related projects are being created. One of the interesting projects of this kind called "The most difficult yacht race" was invented by the British. It is attended by 12 completely similar yachts 22 m long. For each of them, a team of 15 amateurs is recruited who want to test themselves. The only professional on the yacht is the captain. All other participants in the race, i.e. crews, are formed from ordinary people of various ages and professions. This project is designed for 9 months. Part of this time is devoted to the theoretical training of the crew, and the teams spend 5.5 months in the race.

There are other projects of extreme yacht tourism, which differ from each other in terms of participation, size of yachts, complexity of implementation.

Traveling on yachts, and even more so the maintenance of this very expensive watercraft, is far from affordable for many. Naturally, there are much more lovers of traveling by sea. As a result, in recent years, an amateur type of tourism has been developed in catamaran yachts. Such catamaran yachts are several inflatable balloons fastened together by strong aluminum tubes. Such a vessel is much cheaper than a traditional yacht, but it is also much more dangerous to operate. Nevertheless, despite numerous warnings, some thrill-seekers set off on these fragile structures on risky journeys through the Black and Azov Seas, Lake Baikal and other, not the safest, waters.

Exotic boats

A new, very interesting and original way to travel on the water is water-skyshoes. It turns out that skiing can move not only in the snow. Relatively recently, "inflatable boots" were invented - a kind of unusual version of water skiing. Snowshoes served as a prototype for their creation. Despite their rather funny appearance, on such inflatable skis, some daredevils managed to cover very long distances on the water, and not only along the rivers. Some travelers overcame over 5000 km on ocean waves.

Of the modern ways to get thrills on the water, one can note riding on aquabikes(jet skis or jet skis).

Submarine tours

A new type of tourist entertainment associated with extreme sports are tours to submarines.

If earlier diving in bathyscaphes and submarines was available only to scientists and the military and was carried out solely for the purpose of research or improvement of technology, then recently, both abroad and in Russia, underwater tourist excursions are gaining more and more development.

Submarines in many countries, including ours, are still relatively few in number and are produced by industry only to order.

Until recently, there were few actually tourist submarines. Most often they were offered to tourists for rent by research laboratories. The most famous of the submarines is the "Starfish" - an underwater house in which five people lived for a month at the bottom of the Red Sea (at a depth of 10 m), studying fish and marine plants.

More recently, a submarine has been built in Holland, specially designed for tourist diving in tropical seas. It can descend to a depth of 300 m and stay underwater for almost two weeks. The speed of its movement is up to 28 km per hour.

Not everyone dares to go down to the depths with scuba gear, and not everyone’s health will allow it, but take a ride in a submarine, like the famous heroes of Jules Verne, get acquainted with the wildlife of the seas and oceans in their natural environment, examine the wreckage of sunken ships and the submerged parts of the ancient many cities can.

In addition to submarines, glass-bottomed vessels are now used in many tourist centers to explore the underwater world.

Riding on the waves

Riding on the sea waves on a variety of devices is becoming one of the most popular types of tourism, sports and entertainment. Fans of high-speed movement on water count tens of millions of people around the world in their ranks.

In 2005, in the south of Russia, at the end of the Yeysk Spit, washed by the waters of the Taganrog Bay and the Yeysk estuary (the coast of the Sea of Azov), the first in our country club hotel for water sports and active recreation on the water was created. It is called "Water area of summer". The choice of location was not accidental. It was here that fans of water extremes gathered for more than 10 years. This is explained by the fact that the wind rose here is ideal for sea sports. First of all, this windsurfing(boarding under sail), kitesurfing (boarding under a parachute) and wakeboarding(skating on a board towed by a boat).

The club complex includes three two-story residential buildings with 86 rooms (including suites), a three-story restaurant building with panoramic windows, a swimming pool and an introductory sports complex (pier, equipment rental, beach). The hotel rooms are equipped with individual air conditioners, showers, TVs, mobile phones. The sports center is equipped with the most modern equipment with a total cost of about 300 thousand dollars, and training in water extreme sports is carried out by a large team of qualified instructors. The hotel has a detailed website and a Moscow representative office, actively cooperating with several dozen travel agencies. Numerous sports grounds for trampolining, aikido and many other sports have been created on the basis of the club's territory. In the future, it is planned to create a network of Russian sports club hotels under the Aquatoria Leta brand.

Fishing extreme tours

Despite the fact that fishing has always been considered a fairly safe activity, many of its types, for example, in hard-to-reach or difficult places, as well as catching large or predatory marine fish, are quite extreme activities.

Modern fishing allows a modern man to feel like a hunter, a hero, and even a breadwinner somewhere. In recent years, among serious fishermen (for example, at competitions), representatives of the weaker sex are increasingly encountered.

In Russia, there are a huge number of reservoirs (seas, lakes, rivers), where fishing enthusiasts can test their training (including physical), skills and abilities. One of the fishing options for paradise is the Volga Delta. On Akhtuba - a mighty river there are numerous rapids, flood lakes - ilmen, which are real water jungles. There are over 200 species of fish inhabiting the Lower Volga basin.

At present, numerous houses of fishermen are opening throughout Russia.

Diving

The magical power of the underwater world lies in the universality of its environment: there is a difference from the position on the ground and in the air, under water you can move in all directions, choosing your own direction.

Scuba diving is one of the most difficult and dangerous sports and tourism. Despite this, as well as the high cost of equipment, which not everyone can afford, the movement of divers is expanding every year both in our country and abroad. Man has always been attracted by the mysterious underwater world. There are currently over 3 million scuba divers in Europe alone.

However, while in many other types of tourism you can do without special education and training, in scuba diving this is unacceptable. A single, even minor mistake under water can cost a scuba diver his life. Therefore, without proper training under the guidance of experienced instructors and the acquisition of the necessary practical skills, diving is not recommended even for the most desperate adventurers. Diving centers do not allow beginners to dive who have not completed a special training course and do not have a special license.

In many countries, recreational divers training centers and centers for organizing underwater tourism have been established.

Most centers for the preparation and service of diving enthusiasts are united in associations. The largest of them is PADI (Professional Association of Diving Industrion), which has about 200 diving centers in 175 countries (the number of divers with PADI certificates is about 6 million people), CMAS (Confederation Mondile des Activites Subag Nation), SGL (Scubargo Education Association) and etc.

According to some estimates, at least 30 million people are fond of scuba diving in the world.

The tasks of such centers are the training of amateur divers, the development of measures to ensure the safety of underwater travel, the attestation and certification of members of underwater centers, the development of maps and atlases of underwater objects.

A complete beginner diver training course includes: snorkelling, scuba diving first in the pool and then in open water, underwater navigation, scuba diving techniques, underwater orientation using a compass and using underwater landmarks, swimming in conditions of limited visibility and at night, searching for objects under water and raising them to the surface, deep-sea diving.

One of the dangers associated with diving is the possibility of decompression sickness. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully monitor the depth of immersion, the time spent under water and the speed of ascent to the surface. Multiple dives in one day and multi-day dives without a break are not recommended.

A certain danger is represented by sea currents with an open coastline, as well as breaking waves near rocks and reefs.

In addition, there are some dangers for tourists involved in scuba diving. Marine life(poisonous jellyfish, hedgehogs, starfish, clams, sea snakes, fish, and in some places also marine predators such as sharks).

Particular attention is paid to scuba diving in the Scandinavian countries: Sweden, Finland and Norway. So, in Sweden there are more than 300 training centers for diving tourists, in Finland - about 60.

In Russia, special organizations for underwater tourism are also being created - Buddy, Marine Technologies, Golden Galleon, Underwater Club of Moscow State University, etc.

Scuba diving includes different directions. The most popular of them is underwater archeology (search and study of sunken objects - cities, ships). More than half of the participants of the underwater centers are engaged in scuba diving in order to search for and examine the sunken ships, some of them are involved in treasure hunting.

Underwater archeology has become widespread in coastal sea areas, where there are sunken parts of ancient or medieval cities. Various expeditions related to deep diving also work on rivers and lakes (for example, on the Dnieper, near the island of Khortitsa, in high mountain sacred lakes in the former territory of the Inca and Mayan empires, etc.).

Another direction of scuba diving is participation in scientific research in order to study the underwater world.

A very exciting activity in diving is underwater video and photography, both amateur and professional.

Recently, underwater ritual tourism has become widespread - the provision of various honors and the laying of wreaths at the site of sunken ships and the mass death of sailors as a result of disasters or military operations. This type of tourism is especially popular in the northeastern regions of Russia (St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Pskov, Novgorod regions and in the Republic of Karelia). These regions have significant potential for adventure, scientific, educational and ritual underwater tourism. According to JSC Marine Technologies, there are more than 6,000 sunken objects in the Russian Baltic Sea basin and adjacent lakes alone. On the basis of these objects, the "Atlas of objects at the bottom of the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea" was created.

In Russia, underwater tourism is also popular in the basins of the Black, Caspian, Azov and Barents Seas, as well as on the Pacific coast. Far East, lakes Baikal, Beloe, etc.

One of the developing areas in diving tourism is scuba diving in the northern seas.

In the Kandalaksha Bay on the White Sea (one of the most accessible of our northern seas for divers), there are several modern diving centers equipped with modern underwater equipment, boats, boats and motor boats.

One of them, called the Arctic Circle, opened by the efforts of enthusiasts from the underwater club of Moscow State University in 2004, is located near the ancient Pomor village of Nilmoguba. A comfortable mobile camp is equipped on the sea ice, consisting of several plywood beam houses on skids. They can comfortably accommodate 3-4 divers, put on a wetsuit in warmth, check the equipment. The beams are installed in the immediate vicinity of the lanes - holes in the ice for diving. One of the beams is occupied by the dining room and wardroom.

Descents under the ice in light diving equipment are among the most extreme types of diving, so during such descents Special attention given to safety.

The divers of the Moscow State University club have a well-equipped vessel "Kartesh", on which in the summer you can visit any point of the Russian North. The ship is based in Chupa (Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea) or Ternberk (Barents Sea).

Another diving center is located on the shores of Avacha Bay on the Bering Sea.

These centers near our polar seas attract fans of underwater extreme sports with almost untouched nature and, of course, relative transport accessibility.

Diving centers both in Russia and abroad take an active part in environmental campaigns aimed at protecting the environment. Since 2003, Russia has been holding a "day of cleaning" of water bodies, which is held by the professional association of diving instructors PADI. Divers and volunteers from Russia and other countries clean the bottom of natural and artificial reservoirs from debris accumulated there. For example, a team of Moscow State University submariners raised an old Moskvich from the 8-meter depth of the Spaso-Kamensky quarry. Divers of the Shaggy Sperm Whale Club pulled out a weighty rusty weight from Lake Senega, and representatives of the Union-Sport Club got an information desk from the bus stop from the large Garden Pond. 190 people participated in the Great Garbage Day event in 2005. In total, 5 tons of garbage were collected from an area of 6 hectares.

How to distinguish recreation from sports in diving, and sports from extreme sports? Experienced submariners answer simply: "according to the color of the abyss." If the scuba diver has descended to a depth where the water has a blue color, this is a rest, pleasant and relatively safe. If the color of the water changes to blue during further immersion, this is already a sport, and where black water begins, this is extreme.

The most extreme and dangerous species scuba diving are techno diving, i.e. deep-sea decompression diving on different breathing mixtures in open water, as well as penetration into underwater caves (underwater speleology) and sunken objects.

Underwater exploration in caves requires not only special equipment and training, but also great courage. There are very difficult caves, to the bottom of which you have to move for several days, overcoming very difficult obstacles in the form of deep wells and blockages. However, the desire to see what is available to a few overcomes everything.

For those who really want to feel like a diver, but due to various reasons (age, health status, character) cannot dive to great depths, tourist centers located at seaside resorts on the island of Mauritius have thought of such a type of entertainment as “snuba diving". This is one of the easiest ways to dive underwater. A special helmet is put on the diver's head, into which air is supplied through a long hose. A belt with a load is put on the waist - and forward, or rather down. Divers are immersed to a depth of 3-4 m near the reefs, where baited flocks of fish, mollusks and small marine animals swim up. The age of divers is practically unlimited - from 7 to 77 years. "Snuba diving" is very popular among mothers with babies and the elderly.

Introduction

Tourism is life in all its diversity, concentrated on a short period of time, characterized by a certain goal setting and method of implementation.

Extreme tourism is a sport of courageous people, overcoming difficulties, people prove how inexhaustible human capabilities are. Extreme tempers the character of a person.

Many organizations are involved in tourism, but they do not prepare people for extreme situations. Extreme tourism is like a doctrine of survival, the main thing is not just to know how to behave in a given situation, but also to be able to do it, because when there is a risk, it is too late to start learning something.

Extreme tourism is the top of all tourism. When a person has already achieved a lot in overcoming the obstacles that lie in wait on the passes and rifts, then immediately there is a feeling that something is missing and this means that the time has finally come to cross the line.

Extreme is not a sport, it is a pleasure and an interesting pastime. Extreme tourism is a way of life! This is what I will try to prove in my work.

The relevance of this work lies in the fact that in the modern world extreme tourism is becoming an increasingly popular form of spending free time. Rafting on turbulent rivers, ski trips, diving into the depths of the oceans and "soaring" in the clouds - this is how the rest looks now, replacing the "beach and hotel" tourism that preceded it. Tourism acts as a complex social phenomenon that has many facets, since none of the existing sciences can fully and exhaustively characterize it as an object of its own research, and none of the existing socio-economic institutions is able to independently solve the complex of its problems.

The purpose of the course work is to study extreme tourism.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks are distinguished:

1. Expand the concept of extreme tourism.

2. Consider the specifics of extreme tourism.

3. Consider the types of extreme tourism.

4. Explore the most extreme places.

The course work consists of three chapters. The first chapter reveals the concept of extreme tourism and its specifics. The second chapter deals with the types of extreme tourism. The third chapter is devoted to the most popular places for extreme tourism.

Extreme tourism

The concept of extreme tourism

Active recreation is attracting more and more attention. Recently, adventure tourism has been actively developing - a type of tourism that combines all travel associated with active modes of movement and outdoor recreation, with the aim of obtaining new sensations, impressions, improving the physical fitness of the tourist and achieving sports results. Special types include extreme tourism, which is gaining momentum all over the world, especially in Russia.

More and more people are eager to see the beauty of the underwater world, go down the mountain slope on skis and even jump with a parachute. In Europe, for example, this type of tourism began to develop rapidly and become more widespread in the late 1980s and early 1990s. And here, in Russia, since the mid-1990s. Despite the fact that this type of tourism is becoming more and more popular from year to year, tourists generally prefer such still popular types of tourism as sightseeing, educational, beach, etc. And all because most of the tourists do not know that includes extreme tourism, where you can go (and you don’t even have to leave your city) and how much it all costs. In Russia, extreme tourism is not as well developed as in other parts of the world, in particular in Europe. Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2008. - 252 p.S. 73

According to the typology adopted by the World Tourism Organization, tourism includes several subspecies, in particular active and passive tourism. Active tourism includes safaris, mountain climbing, and rafting on rivers, one of its varieties can be called extreme tourism, which obliges the traveler to have excellent sports shape. Sokolova M.V. History of tourism.M. 2002.S. 4-5

Sometimes extreme tourism is understood as the rejection of the latest electronic and mechanical devices that help to survive (GPS and other navigators, firearms and other weapons, except for a knife). A "survivor" (this is what a person engaged in extreme tourism is called) takes with him only the most ancient and necessary things: a knife, a flask, matches or flint. The survivalist should be aware of the properties of plants, fungi and the dangers that animals and insects pose in the area where he will be engaged in extreme tourism. Also, in the absence of a navigator, you should take a compass, a first aid kit if necessary. http: //ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/%DD%EA%F1%F2%F0%E5%EC%E0%EB%FC%ED%FB%E9_%F2% F3%F0%E8%E7%EC

Active recreation is gaining more and more fans among ordinary tourists. Diving, one of the most extreme types, has become especially popular. Diving is addictive. He is dangerous and exciting. He is fashionable. Skydivers and skiers have to make room - the number of divers in Russia and around the world is growing rapidly. The divers themselves are sure that there is no better rest than diving to a depth of 40 meters with heavy cylinders on their backs. When looking at the numbers, it becomes clear that the spread of diving is comparable only to an epidemic. Now there are almost 20 million certified amateur divers in the world, and 40 years ago there were only a few hundred. Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2008. - 252 p.S. 73

If someone does not like diving under water or jumping from great heights, then you can try windsurfing, which is also a popular form of recreation. (But it is worth considering that this pleasure is associated with constant falls into the water and the real possibility of drowning in the sea waves, as well as the inevitable calluses on the hands.) Or try yourself in rafting on rough mountain rivers, which will definitely be remembered for a long time. Hiking tours are suitable for those who are afraid of water. This is also extreme tourism, which is fraught with difficulties and dangers. Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. - SPb., 2001.

Mountaineering can be called the most extreme recreation, where both physical and psychological endurance of a person is tested.

An alternative to mountaineering can be a hike through the caves. Impressions from such a trip are usually enough for a long time.

Extreme tourism is a promising direction in the field of recreation and entertainment. Since about the 2000s, many people, especially those living in economically developed countries, lack the thrill. A person, having arranged his life, having protected himself from natural disasters, begins to understand that he lacks adrenaline. First of all, you need to consider the concept of "extreme". Ryndach M.A. Fundamentals of tourism. Tutorial. M. 2012. S. 46

There is no specific definition of what exactly should be considered an extreme sport or tourism. There are various types of professional activities or entertainment associated with great risks to health and life in general. But what is extreme for some people may be work for others.

extreme tourism russia view

The sedentary lifestyle of a modern, especially an urban person who does not regularly go in for sports or just physical activity, leads to the fact that a person absolutely cannot bear any load. Strange as it may sound, but the ever faster pace of society leads to a less mobile way of life for its members. A person lacks physical activity and movement. It follows from this that for such tourists the usual 5-kilometer hike with a light backpack or climbing a hill 300 m high becomes a serious test. Even any hiking trip of IV-V category of difficulty, according to many experts, is already considered extreme. The category of difficulty in extreme and sports tourism is determined by the duration of the hike in days (for category IV, at least 13 and for V, at least 16 days) and the length in kilometers. The minimum distance is determined for mountain hikes (IV category - 150 km, V - 160 km). For walking trips, this figure is determined at 220-250 km, skiing - 250-300 km, water - 225-250 km, cycling - 800-1100 km, motorcycle - 3200-4000 km, car - 4500-5000 km. Therefore, the concept of "extreme tourism" is very relative. Izotova M.A., Matyukhina Yu.A. Innovations in socio-cultural service and tourism. M.: Scientific book, 2006. - 136 p.S. 70

In this regard, many adventure tourism companies introduce their own categories of routes.

Now many new exotic terms have appeared in the tourism industry: "trekking", "rafting", "jeeping, or jeep safari", "diving", etc. However, upon closer examination, these are the same old types of pedestrian, water, automobile, underwater and other tourism.

Currently, there is no established classification of types of extreme tourism and entertainment. As already mentioned, this is due to the relativity of the extreme. Therefore, the classification below should be considered as a generalized one, characterized by the main definitions of tourism.

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What makes up extreme tourism. The concept of extreme tourism

2.2. Extreme tourism. Specificity and basic concepts

III. Types and features of extreme tourism

3.1. Alpinism, rock climbing, ice climbing

3.2. New Zealand is the birthplace of many types of adventure tourism

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