The work brought to your attention was presented at the International Conference "Intellectual" in Sarov by my student Olesya Shoshina. The work was highly appreciated by the jury (Diploma II degree).

Monitoring of a small reservoir in an urbanized area
in order to create a recreational area

Scientific adviser:
Kornienko Natalya Pavlovna
biology teacher

Introduction

The rapid urbanization of natural biocenoses adversely affects the ecological state of our planet and negatively affects people's health. In cities, there are fewer and fewer “nature corners” where you can relax after hard work, take a walk with your children. In the city of Kemerovo, this problem is quite acute and requires the attention of the public and authorities.

Objective: study of the ecological state of a small reservoir located in the Zavodskoy district of the city of Kemerovo for its further use for recreational purposes.

Tasks:

1. get acquainted with the theoretical literature on the ecological state of water bodies in urban areas;
2. monitor this reservoir for the following parameters:

• physical properties of water;
• chemical composition of water;
• flora of the reservoir and adjacent territory;
• assessment of anthropogenic pressure;

compare the ecological parameters of the studied pond with the parameters of a natural reservoir located outside the city limits (Lake Sukhovskoe);

make a forecast of the development of the reservoir.

propose a recreational area project

Hypothesis:

if the ecological state of the pond complies with the standards, then on the site of an abandoned pond, it is possible to create a recreational zone with a health potential for citizens.

Chapter 1. general characteristics water resource potential of the Kemerovo region

The hydrographic network of Kuzbass belongs to the upper Ob basin and is represented by a rather dense network of small and medium-sized rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and swamps. The total volume of surface runoff is 37 km³ (6.4% of the surface runoff of the West Siberian region). The rivers Tom and Inya are the main surface sources of water supply in the Kemerovo region.

The total number of lakes (together with river oxbow lakes) is 850 units, the total area is 101 km², which is 0.1% of the entire area of ​​the Kemerovo region. Kuzbass is also characterized by the presence of artificial lakes formed as a result of the mining of coal and other minerals. These lakes have a depth of up to 80-120 m and, accordingly, a large volume with a small area.

Of the existing reservoirs in the region, the largest (with a volume of more than 10 million m³) are: Belovskoye reservoir - 59 million m³, Kara-Chumyshskoye - 61 million m³, Zhuravlevskoye - 31.59 million m³, Dudetskoye - 36 million m³, whose water reserves are used in the energy sector, for domestic and drinking water supply, irrigation, fish farming and recreational purposes.

However, taking into account the increasing anthropogenic load on water bodies, which is caused by the introduction of new capacities (primarily at existing enterprises of the coal industry and hydropower), the formation of a tense water management balance in individual water bodies is possible, especially during the winter low water period.

Use of water resources

Characteristic surface water objects (at the control posts of the city of Kemerovo) is given according to the observation data of the State Institution "Kemerovo Center for Hydrometeorology and Monitoring environment» for 2002 - 2006 inclusive. During 2006, biotesting of water samples from the river was carried out. Tom, selected in two sections of the city of Kemerovo (the village of Metallploshchadka, the village of Podyakovo). 22 water samples were examined, no acute toxicity was detected.

Table 1. Dynamics of the average annual pollution of the Tom River above and below the city of Kemerovo (Metalploshchadka village, Podyakovo village),
share of MPC (for reservoirs of fishery importance)

Name pollutant
Ammonia nitrogen
nitrogen nitrite
Oil products

1 line - sampling p. Metalploshchadka

2 line - sampling the village of Podyakovo

UKWIS - Specific combinatorial index of water pollution. (Methodological guidelines. Method for a comprehensive assessment of the degree of pollution of surface waters according to hydrochemical indicators RD 52.24.643-2002). Calculated since 2005. Values: up to 1 - conditionally clean water, from 1 to 2 - slightly polluted water, from 2 to 3 - polluted water, from 3 to 4 - very polluted water, from 4 to 8 - dirty water, from 8 to 11 - water very dirty, from 11 and above - the water is extremely dirty.

Table 2. Mass of pollutants with wastewater (in tons)

Name substances
Total (excluding BODp and COD)
Dry residue
sulfates
suspended solids
ammonium nitrogen

The main pollutants are nitrogen compounds, phenol, oil products, easily oxidized organics. The average annual concentrations of phenols, oil products, heavy metals (zinc, copper) decreased, however, iron pollution increased throughout the controlled area.

In 2006, organochlorine pesticides were found in the Tom River near the city of Kemerovo (no pesticides are provided for fishery water bodies).

The oxygen regime of the river is satisfactory, the average content of dissolved oxygen has increased compared to the previous year.

The concept of a pond. Classification

Along with large unique reservoirs in the Kemerovo region, a large number of small reservoirs-ponds have been built.

Pond - this is an artificial reservoir created as a source of water for irrigation, fish and waterfowl breeding, water storage, sports and recreational activities and other purposes with an area usually not more than 1 km 2.

Ponds are filled with local runoff:

• melt and rain waters,
• springs,
• flood waters of small rivers in the plain, foothill and mountainous parts of the region.

Ponds as engineering structures can be:

• channel,
• floodplain,
• beam,
• digging.

The investigated pond belongs to the floodplain.

Floodplain ponds-reservoirs are formed by flooding part of the floodplain of the river, fenced off from the river bed by a protective dam. The filling of the pond and the discharge of water from it is carried out, as a rule, by gravity from the river and back into the river downstream.

Diagram of a floodplain.

1 - river; 2 - pond bowl; 3 - embankment dam; 4 - supply channel; 5 - water intake structure; 6 - discharge channel; 7 - locks-regulators; 8 – waste facility.

Chapter 2. Materials and working methods

The research was carried out during the summer period of 2010-2011.

The object of study - a floodplain pond - is located on the territory of the city of Kemerovo, next to residential buildings along Kosmicheskaya street. It has dimensions: 197 meters long and 36 meters wide. The pond has no name. It was formed by flooding part of the floodplain of the river, fenced off from the Iskitimka river bed by a protective dam. Near the pond is a garage cooperative.

The choice of the object of study is due to a number of reasons:

a) it meets the main criteria for selecting an object (an artificial reservoir in an urban environment);

b) the reservoir is still in a state to be restored.

When taking water samples for analysis, we adhered to certain rules:

1. for analysis, you need to use a glass or plastic container from under mineral water with a volume of 1.5 liters.
2. in natural sources, we lower the container below the surface level by 10-15 cm.
3. the bottle must be rinsed from the inside with water, which will be taken for analysis.
4. after taking water, it is necessary to slightly squeeze the bottle so that air does not enter or close the bottle under water.
5. all analyzes must be carried out within 24 hours of sample collection.

During the summer of 2010, the composition and structure of the riparian wetland plant community were studied. When studying the physical composition of water samples, the method of qualitative reactions for the content of chlorine and sulfates was used. Also held comparative analysis artificial aquatic biocenosis of the city with natural aquatic biocenosis of Lake Sukhovskoe according to the main organoleptic and external indicators, the results of qualitative reactions, the influence of the anthropogenic factor.

Among the organoleptic indicators, we paid attention to the intensity of the smell, color, and turbidity of the water.

Table 3. Estimation of water odor intensity.

Odor intensity	The nature of the odor	Odor Intensity Rating
	smell is not felt
very weak	the smell is not immediately felt, but is detected upon careful examination (when water is heated)
	the smell is noticeable if you pay attention to it
conspicuous	the smell is easily noticed and causes disapproval of the water
distinct	the smell draws attention to itself and tries to refrain from drinking
very strong	the smell is so strong that it makes the water unusable

Table 4. Assessment of water color.

Table 5. Assessment of water turbidity.

In the summer-autumn of the following year, 2011, we continued to observe the community of coastal wetland plants, monitored the general condition of the pond, and the influence of the anthropogenic factor. An analysis was also made of a water sample in the laboratory of the Mariinsky Distillery. Then we compared the results obtained with the MPCs of substances (Maximum Permissible Concentrations); also compared the indicators of our water with the indicators of water samples of the Tom River, taken near the village of Metallploshchadka and the village of Podyakovo; calculated the WPI (Water Pollution Index) using the following formula:

WPI = (∑Ci/ MPCi) / number of indicators

Сi is the actual concentration of impurities in water;

MACi are the maximum allowable concentrations of these impurities.

Table 6 Assessment of water quality depending on the obtained WPI indicator.

WPI value obtained	Water class	Text description of water
<0,2 для пресной 0.25 for marine		Very clean
		Moderately polluted
		polluted
		very dirty
		extremely dirty

Chapter 3. Results of the study

Description of the plant community of the coastal zone of aquatic biocenosis

Op 1, 2010 K. 17.06.10

The territory of the studied reservoir.

Coastal plant community.

atm. pressure = 748 mm. rt. Art.

wind = 2 m/s

air humidity = 20%

Total grass stand height ≈ 1m

TPP (Total Projective Coverage) = 30-40%

The composition of the community is described in the table below.

Table 7 Description of the coastal wetland plant community

	Family	Representatives
	Compositae	Burdock River (Arctium) Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris) Sow thistle field (Sonchus arvensis) coltsfoot (Tussilago) Yarrow (Achillea millifolium)
		Donnik River (Melilotus) creeping clover ( Trifolium repens) Red clover (Trifolium pratense) Fence peas (Vicia sepium)
		White willow (Salix alba) White poplar (Populus alba)
		Bluegrass meadow (Poa pratensis) Hedgehog (Dactylis glomerata)
	horsetail	Marsh horsetail (Equisetum palustre) Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)
	Maple	Ash-leaved maple (Acer negundo)
	(Chenopodiacecae)	r. Lebeda (Atrirlekh)
	Plantain (Plantaginaceae)	Plantain large (Plantago major)
	Nettles	Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica)
	Lamiaceae	Ivy Budra (Glechoma hederaceae)
	Buckwheat	Highlander bird (Polygonum aviculare)
	Umbelliferae	Forest bush (Anthriscus silvestris)
	sedge	river Kamysh (Scirpus)
	cattails	Rogoz River (Typha)
	Rosaceae	Potentilla goose (Potentilla anserina)
	Ranunculaceae	Buttercup (Ranumculus acer)

Studying the chemical composition of water

The study of the chemical composition of water was carried out using qualitative analysis.

Qualitative reaction to chlorine ion.

To detect chloride ions in a water sample, we added silver nitrate to the liquid. If chloride ions are present in the water, then the following reaction takes place:

xCl + AgNO 3 → AgCl ↓ + xNO 3

xCl - some compound that contains chlorine

AgNO 3 - silver nitrate

AgCl↓ - precipitate indicating the presence of chlorine

xNO 3 is a reaction product.

When adding silver nitrate, we observed the appearance of a cloudy, cheesy precipitate, which indicates the presence of chlorine in the water sample.

Qualitative reaction to sulfates.

To detect sulfates in a water sample, we added barium chloride to the liquid. If chloride ions are present in the water, then the following reaction takes place:

xSO 4 + BaCl→ BaSO 4 ↓ + xCl

xSO 4 - some compound, which includes sulfate

BaCl– barium chloride

BaSO 4 ↓ - precipitate indicating the presence of sulfate

xCl is the reaction product.

When barium chloride was added, we observed the appearance of a white precipitate, which indicates the presence of sulfates in the water sample.

Comparative analysis

We conducted a comparative analysis of the artificial aquatic biocenosis of the city with the natural aquatic biocenosis of Sukhovskoye Lake in terms of the main organoleptic and external indicators, the results of qualitative reactions. Lake Sukhovskoe is located on the territory of the Botanical Garden of the city of Kemerovo. It has dimensions: about 1 km long and 100 meters wide. The results of the analysis are shown in the following tables:

Table 8. Comparison of organoleptic indicators.

Table 9 Comparison of physical and chemical indicators.

Table 10 Appearance comparison.

Sampling location	Presence of oil products (stains on the surface)	Presence of particulate matter
	(no divorce)
Lake Sukhovskoe	(no divorce)

Table 11 Influence of the anthropogenic factor.

The dynamics of change

Pond observations were continued in the summer of 2011.

The dynamics of change is characterized as follows:

1. the community of riparian wetland plants has not changed qualitatively. Observed the same species as last year;
2. more and more garbage accumulates on the surface of the pond and along its banks (plastic and glass bottles, plastic bags, etc.);
3. the reservoir is more overgrown with algae and other aquatic plants;
4. around mid-October, the pond was cleaned. Removed all the bottles, bags, which made the reservoir look much better. Positive anthropogenic pressure was clearly observed here;
5. mallards - wild ducks - have been coming to the pond for several years now;
6. also this summer we managed to see the musk rat. We assume that not one individual lives on the pond, but two. The animal is very cautious and well hidden, it is difficult to keep a constant eye on it. There is only one way to explain how the muskrat could get here. Most likely, the animal came here along the nearest river (Iskitimka) and found the conditions of the reservoir the most favorable.

Conclusions on laboratory analysis of water

In autumn, a laboratory analysis of water samples from the pond was made. The results can be seen in Appendix 1.

We compared the obtained indicators with MPC. The comparison results are presented in the table below.

Table 12 Comparison of indicators obtained in the laboratory with MPC.

	Defined indicators	Research results	MPC mg/l
	ammonium ion
	Nitrate ion
	Nitrite ion
	Alkalinity
	Aluminum
	Bicarbonates
	sulfates
	Rigidity
	Dry residue
	suspended solids
	Oxidability

We have calculated the Water Pollution Index using this formula:

WPI = (∑Ci/ MPCi) / number of indicators

Сi – actual concentration of impurities in water

MPCi - maximum allowable concentrations of these impurities

As a result, we got WPI = 0.01969, which indicates the I class of water (very clean).

We also compared the indicators of our water with the indicators of water samples of the Tom River, taken in 2006 near the village of Metallploshchadka and the village of Podyakovo

(Line 1 - sampling of the village of Metallploshchadka, line 2 - sampling of the village of Podyakovo).

Table 13 Comparison of indicators of water from the pond and water from the Tom river.

conclusions

Based on the results of studies conducted in 2010 and 2011, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. based on theoretical data, the state of water resources in our region is improving due to the improvement of technologies at the enterprises of Kuzbass;
2. the phytocenosis of the coastal zone includes plants belonging to 16 different families; the basis of the community is made up of representatives of the Compositae family (6 species), as the most resistant to external factors;
3. qualitative reactions indicate the presence of chlorides and sulfates in water samples;
4. the main anthropogenic pollutant is household waste (items made of polyethylene, plastic, polystyrene), which is not able to be processed by microorganisms and poisons the pond biocenosis;
5. a comparative analysis of artificial and natural reservoirs shows that the main reason for the differences is the influence of the anthropogenic factor;
6. the dynamics of changes in the state of the pond in 2010 and 2011 shows that the influence of the anthropogenic factor is increasing; along with negative anthropogenic pressure (an increase in the amount of garbage), there is also a positive one (cleaning the pond);
7. all MPC indicators are normal;
8. a low WPI indicates good water quality; such water can be used for domestic purposes;
9. water from the pond we studied is better in most respects compared to water from the Tom River. Only one indicator (COD) is higher in a pond than in a river. This may indicate that the reservoir contains more organic and inorganic residues that are not processed by the pond microorganisms. Although, in general, the indicator is within the MPC.

Recreational area project.

Thus, the studied small body of water on the territory of the city of Kemerovo can be considered safe for human health. In this regard, rational and competent use of this natural resource is expedient. The result of our research work was a project to create a recreational area in this area.

There is enough area near the pond to equip the park area. If you divide this area into separate sections, then it should turn out to be very convenient to use for residents of nearby houses.

An approximate plan of the recreational area is presented in applications 2 and 3.

Suggestions for improvement:

1. Of course, the reservoir needs to be cleaned and periodically maintained clean.
2. A garage cooperative to a reservoir can be placed more compactly, even if all its components are left.
3. The area behind the pond, which we have marked as "Park Zone", should be leveled and convenient paths should be laid, without damage to the vegetation.
4. The path around the pond should be leveled and slightly widened
5. Equip the “play zone” with a playground for children.
6. "Recreation area" to provide benches and gazebos.
7. To diversify the vegetation and put in order the existing one.

Literature

1. Petunin O.V. The study of ecology at school. Programs of elective courses, class notes, laboratory workshop, assignments and exercises - Yaroslavl: Academy of Development; Vladimir: VKT, 2008. - 192 p.: ill. - (To help the teacher).
2. Druzhinin S.V. The study of water and reservoirs in school conditions - M .: Chistye Prudy, 2008. - 32 p. - (Library "First of September", series "Biology". Issue 20).
3. Gramm-Osipova V.N., Arefieva O.D. Monitoring of water bodies in the school course: Textbook. - Vladivostok: Dalnevost Publishing House. un-ta, 2000.-108 p.

Attachment 1.
Protocol of laboratory tests.

Appendix 2
Location at the moment.

Rules for the design of research papers

1.Object area, object and subject.
Work on any research begins with the definition of the named "system". It consists of three elements: "object area", "object" and "subject" of the study. The object area of ​​research is the area of ​​science and practice in which the object of study is located. In school practice, it may correspond to one or another academic discipline (for example, in the field of economics, philology, natural sciences).

The object of research is a certain process or phenomenon that gives rise to a problem situation (you can propose a problem that is not covered by the school curriculum, but supplements and clarifies the material studied at school).
An object is a kind of carrier of the problem - what research activity is aimed at (a more specific narrow area of ​​​​research).
The subject of research is a specific part of the object within which the search is carried out. The subject of research can be phenomena as a whole, their individual aspects, aspects and relationships between individual parties and the whole (a set of elements of connections, relations in a specific area of ​​the object). The subject of the research determines the topic of the work.

2. Topic, problem and relevance of the study.
The topic is the perspective from which the problem is considered. It represents the object of study in a certain aspect, characteristic of this work.
The main criteria for choosing a topic:
* it is desirable that the topic be of interest to the student not only at the moment, but also in the future;
* it is very good if the choice of topic is mutually motivated by the interest in it of both the student and the teacher. To some extent, this may be reminiscent of the traditional master-apprentice relationship;
* The theme must also be feasible in the existing conditions. This means that equipment and literature should be available on the chosen topic.
The formulation of the topic reflects the coexistence in science of what is already known and what has not yet been explored, i.e., the process of development of scientific knowledge. For this reason, the stage of justifying the relevance of the topic becomes a very important stage in the preparation of the study.
To justify the relevance means to explain the need to study this topic in the context of the general process of scientific knowledge. Determining the relevance of the study is a mandatory requirement of the work.

3. Definition of the hypothesis.
Having clarified the topic as a result of studying the special literature, the researcher can begin to develop a hypothesis. This is one of the most crucial moments of work on the study. Let us first look at the definition of the concept itself.
The hypothesis must satisfy a number of requirements:
* be verifiable;
* contain an assumption;
* be logically consistent;
* match the facts.
When formulating a hypothesis, verbal constructions of the type are usually used: “if ..., then ...”; "because..."; "provided that ...", i.e., those that direct the researcher's attention to the disclosure of the essence of the phenomenon, the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships.

4. Purpose and objectives of the study.

In general, the goal and objectives should clarify the directions in which the proof of the hypothesis will go.
The goal of the study is the end result that the researcher would like to achieve when completing his work. Let's highlight the most typical goals. They may be the determination of the characteristics of phenomena not previously studied; identification of the relationship of certain phenomena; study of the development of phenomena; description of a new phenomenon; generalization, identification of general patterns; creating classifications. The formulation of the goal of the study can also be presented in various ways, traditionally used in scientific clichés. Let's give examples of some of them.
You can target:
* reveal...;
* install...;
* substantiate...;
* clarify...;
* develop....
It is necessary to formulate the tasks very carefully, since the description of their solution in the future will form the content of the chapters. The headings of the chapters are born precisely from the formulations of the problems.
The task of the study is the choice of ways and means to achieve the goal in accordance with the hypothesis put forward. Objectives are best formulated as a statement of what needs to be done in order for the goal to be achieved. The setting of tasks is based on the division of the research goal into subgoals. The enumeration of tasks is based on the principle from the least complex to the most complex, time-consuming, and their number is determined by the depth of the study.

5. Conducting scientific research

Conducting a study includes two successive stages: the actual conduct (the so-called technological stage), the analytical, reflective stage. At the final stage, it is advisable to think over a way to present the results of your research at a school, district conference, work out the forms of presentation in the form of a printed work, theses, electronic presentation, comprehend possible recommendations for the practical application of the results, i.e. plan the implementation stage of the study.

6. Registration of research work

It is generally accepted that the design is an insignificant, purely formal stage in the creation of a printed article of a scientific study. Actually it is not. Registration of research results is one of the most time-consuming stages of work.
Basic requirements for their design:
* by content:
* substantiation of the relevance of the topic;
* main thesis;
* argumentation, evidence and facts confirming the thesis put forward;
* main conclusions;

The introduction should include: a statement of the topic; The relevance of research; research problem; object, subject; purpose, tasks; hypotheses; research methods; study structure; its practical significance; a brief analysis of the literature.
The volume of the introduction is small, usually 2-3 pages.

The main (substantive) part of the work may contain 2-3 chapters. (The name of this part as the main one is rather connected with its greater volume than the other parts, rather than with the meaning, since, for example, the introduction is no less significant part of the work).
Chapter 1 usually contains the results of the analysis of special literature, the theoretical substantiation of the research topic;
chapters 2-3 describe the practical stages of work, interpretation of data, identification of certain patterns in the phenomena under study during the experiment. Each chapter ends with conclusions.
The conclusion is usually no more than 1-2 pages. The main requirement for the conclusion: it should not verbatim repeat the conclusions of the chapters. In conclusion, the most general conclusions based on the results of the study are formulated and recommendations are offered. The degree of achievement of the goal is noted, the prospects for further research are indicated.

Compiling a bibliographic list requires special accuracy.

Rules for registration in the list of various editions.
A book by one or more authors:
1 / Mayorov, A. N. Theory and practice of creating tests for the education system. - M.: Intellecttsentr, 2001. - 296 p.
2. Shishov, S. E., Kalney, V. A. Monitoring the quality of education at school. - M.: Russian Pedagogical Society, 1998. - 354 p.
3. Goss, V. S., Semenyuk, E. P., Ursul, A. D. Categories of modern science: formation and development. - M.: Thought, 1984. - 268 p.
Collection with a collective author:
Theoretical problems and technologies of innovative management in education: Sat. scientific articles / comp. O. S. Orlov. ~ Veliky Novgorod-RIS, 2000. - 180 p.
Newspaper and magazine article:
Mikhailov, G.S. Psychology of decision making //Journal of Applied Psychology. -2001. - No. 5. - S. 2-19.
Encyclopedia and dictionary entry:
Biryukov, B. V., Gastev, Yu. A., Geller, E. S. Modeling // BSZ. - 3rd ed. - M., 1974. - T. 16. - S. 393-395.
Innovation // Dictionary-reference book on scientific and technical creativity. -Minsk, 1995. -S. 50-51.
Internet article:
http://www.encyclopedia.com/ - encyclopedia, an article about the influence of sounds on a person;
http://freesoft.org/CIE/ - encyclopedia, English-speaking countries
http://mega.km.ru/ - mega encyclopedia of KM, determination of the speed of a falling body;

A special status has such a heading of a scientific text as an appendix.
An appendix is ​​a part of the text of a scientific study that has an additional (usually reference) value necessary for a more complete coverage of the topic. It is placed after the main text. In terms of content, among the applications, copies of Documents, statistical materials, etc. are distinguished. In form, they are texts, graphs, maps, tables, etc.
The main requirements for the design of applications can be formulated as follows:

* placed after the bibliographic list;
* in the table of contents, the appendix is ​​drawn up as an independent heading, with continuous pagination of the entire text;
* each application is drawn up on a separate sheet and must have a heading in the upper right corner.

Another special piece of body text is the footnotes.
Notes contain explanations, clarifications, additions placed inside the text in various ways:

* in parentheses;
* sublinear (formulated as footnotes);
* after paragraphs or chapters.

What can be a note?

* Definition of terms or obsolete words.
* Reference information about persons, events, works.
* Translation of foreign words and sentences.
* Explanations of the main text.
* Notes are placed in the main text as a footnote.

Illustrations for the research work are placed in order to make the material presented clear, specific, and figurative.
Drawings are best placed immediately after the first mention of them in the context of the work. If, after mentioning the figure, the remaining space on the page does not allow it to be placed, then the figure can be placed on the next page.

Tables, like figures, are located after the first mention of them in the text of the work. If the tables are not directly related to the text, then they can be placed in the application. All tables should have headings that briefly describe the content of the tabular data.

Quotations in the text of the work (in all versions) must be enclosed in quotation marks. Each quotation should be cited as the source. After bringing the parts of the work into a single whole, it is recommended to carry out a continuous numbering of footnotes.
When presenting the concept of any author, you can do without citations. In this case, the main thoughts of the author are described in strict accordance with the original in meaning. But in this case, it is necessary to make a footnote to the source.
Quotes can also be used to illustrate your own judgments. However, the researcher must be extremely careful in quoting and carefully monitor its correctness. Incomplete, deliberately distorted and tailored to the purpose of the researcher, the quotation does not decorate his work and does not add to its significance.

In addition to the formal features of the presentation of the material, the researcher should think about the language in which the results of his work will be presented. A successful presentation and a competent literary language are already a considerable advantage in themselves and are able to emphasize its most successful moments. This is especially important at the final stage of the study - its protection.

7. Protection of research results.

It should be remembered that the entire performance is given no more than 5-7 minutes. According to the regulations, you can count on an additional 1-2 minutes, but no more. Neither the topic (it has already been announced), nor what was read (the list of references) should be discussed. In no case should the defense be reduced to a retelling of the entire content of the work. If you failed to interest the audience in the time allotted according to the regulations, its extension will only increase the misunderstanding and irritation of the listeners.

It is best to start preparing a report by thinking through its structure. A clear and clear idea of ​​the work of the speaker himself is the key to understanding his audience. The report can be divided into 3 parts, consisting of separate but interconnected blocks.

The first part, in fact, briefly repeats the introduction of the research paper. Here the relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated, the scientific problem is described, the research objectives are formulated and its main methods are indicated. In order for your presentation to arouse the interest of the audience, it is very important to properly set up the audience from the very beginning of your speech. There are several ways to attract the attention of the audience, here are some of them: you can start your speech with an example, an interesting quote, a figurative comparison of the subject of speech with a specific phenomenon, with a story, a case, a problem statement or an original question.

In the second part, the largest in volume, you need to present the content of the chapters. The commission pays special attention to the results of the study, to the author's personal contribution to it. Therefore, after a brief summary of the content of the chapters of the abstract, to emphasize separately what the novelty of the proposed work is, it can be the methods used for the first time in relation to this material, the results of the study you have achieved. When presenting the main results, you can use pre-prepared schemes, drawings, graphs, tables, videos, slides, videos. The displayed materials should be designed in such a way that they do not overload the presentation and are visible to all present in the audience.

In the third part, it is advisable to briefly outline the main conclusions based on the results of the study, without repeating the conclusions that have already been made in the course of presenting the contents by chapters. In conclusion, try to create the culmination of the speech, invite the audience to reflect on the problem, show possible options for further research, use a quote on the topic of the famous scientist's essay. Pay special attention to the speech of the speaker. It should be clear, grammatically accurate, confident, expressive. If the speaker tries to speak quickly, swallowing the endings of words, quietly, indistinctly, then the quality of his speech is reduced. A calm, consistent and well-reasoned presentation of the material impresses the listeners. But the use of a scientific style does not at all mean neglecting the use of figurative comparisons, contrasts, unusual facts that allow you to keep the attention of the audience.

Structure, logic and design of students' research work

• Malinovskaya Evdokia Andreevna , biology teacher

Sections: Extracurricular work

I. Recommendations for writing a research paper: experimental or theoretical.

1. Structure and logic of research work.

Research work, like any creativity, is possible and effective only on a voluntary basis. Educational research can unfold outside the classroom and regular academic work as additional, extracurricular, extracurricular work.

The main stages of the research work are the following provisions:

• Find a problem - what needs to be studied.
• The topic is what to call it.
• Relevance - why this problem needs to be studied.
• The purpose of the study is what result is expected to be obtained.
• A hypothesis is what is not obvious in an object.
• Novelty – what is new during the research.
• Research objectives - what to do - theoretically and experimentally.
• Literature review - what is already known on this issue.
• Research methodology - how and what was researched.
• The results of the study are our own data.
• Conclusions - brief answers to the tasks.
• Significance - how the results affect practice.

Let's consider the above steps in more detail.

The structure of the research work is standard, and standards cannot be deviated from. In the development with which the study begins, there are two main parts: methodological and procedural. . First, it is necessary to highlight what needs to be studied - the problem.

Problem should be feasible, its solution should bring real benefit to the participants in the study. Then it should be called - topic .

Topic it must be original, it needs an element of surprise, unusualness, it must be such that the work can be done relatively quickly.

It is necessary to decide why this particular problem needs to be studied at the present time - it is relevance .

The research work should formulate goal - what result is expected to be obtained, how, in general terms, this result is seen even before it is obtained. Usually the goal is to study certain phenomena.

In the study, it is important to highlight hypothesis and protected positions. A hypothesis is a prediction of events, it is a probable knowledge that has not yet been proven. Initially, the hypothesis is neither true nor false - it is simply not proven. .

Protected statements are what the researcher sees, but others do not notice. The position in the process of work is either confirmed or rejected. The hypothesis must be substantiated, that is, supported by literary data and logical considerations.

After defining the goal and hypotheses are formulated tasks research. Objectives and goals are not the same thing. There is one goal of research work, but there are several tasks. Tasks show what you are going to do. The formulation of the tasks is closely related to the structure of the study. Moreover, separate tasks can be set for the theoretical part and for the experimental part.

The work must be presentliterature review, i.e. a brief description of what is known about the phenomenon under study, in which direction other authors are researching. In the review, you must show that you are familiar with the field of research from several sources, that you are setting a new task, and not doing something that has already been done before you a long time ago.

Then it is described technique research. Its detailed description should be present in the text of the work. This is a description of what and how the author of the study did to prove the validity of the hypothesis put forward.

The following are results research. Own data obtained as a result of research activities. The data obtained must be compared with the data of scientific sources from a review of the literature on the problem and the patterns discovered in the course of the study should be established.

It should be noted novelty results, what is done from what others have not noticed, what results are obtained for the first time. What shortcomings in practice can be corrected with the help of the results obtained during the study.

It is necessary to clearly understand the difference between the working data and the data presented in the text of the work. In the process of research, a large array of numbers is often obtained, which do not need to be presented in the text. Therefore, only the most necessary data is processed and presented. However, it must be remembered that someone may want to get acquainted with the primary material of the study. In order not to overload the main part of the work, the primary material can be moved to Appendix .

The most advantageous form of data presentation is graphical, which makes it as easy as possible for the reader to perceive the text. Always put yourself in the reader's shoes.

And the work ends conclusions . In which thesis, in the order of the tasks, the results of the study are presented. Conclusions are short answers to the question - how the research tasks were solved.

The goal can be achieved even if the initial hypothesis fails.

2. Protection procedure.

The next stage is a report as a natural outcome of the research work. The results of the work are presented at the conference, publicly.

The task of the speaker: to accurately and emotionally state the very essence of the study. During the report, it is unacceptable to read out the work, but to briefly reflect the main content of all chapters and sections of the work. It must be borne in mind that the duration of the speech allowed by the regulations is 10-15 minutes. Therefore, when preparing a report, the most important is selected from the text of the work. Sometimes you have to “sacrifice” some important points, if you can do without them . When presenting the material, one should adhere to a separate plan that corresponds to the structure and logic of the research work itself.

Everything else, if the audience has an interest, is stated in the answers to questions.

A written work and a report on it are completely different genres of scientific creativity.

II. General requirements and rules for the design of texts of research papers.

For the design of texts of research papers and abstracts, there are general requirements and rules.

The volume of the abstract ranges from 20 to 25 pages of printed text (without attachments), the report - 1-5 pages (depending on the class number and the student's readiness for this kind of activity).

For computer-generated text, font size 12-14, Times New Roman, normal; line spacing - 1.5-2; margins: left - 30 mm, right - 10 mm, top - 20 mm, bottom - 20 mm. (when changing the size of the margins, it must be taken into account that the right and left margins, as well as the upper and lower margins, must total 40 mm.). With the right parameters, the page should fit an average of 30 lines, and an average of 60 printed characters per line, including punctuation marks and spaces between words.

Text is printed on one side of the page; footnotes and notes are printed on the same page they refer to (with 1 spacing, in a smaller font than the text).

All pages are numbered starting from the title page; the number of the page number is placed at the top center of the page; The title page does not have a page number. Each new section (introduction, chapters, paragraphs, conclusion, list of sources, applications) starts on a new page.

The distance between the section title (chapter or paragraph headings) and the following text should be three spaces. The heading is located in the middle of the line, do not put a dot at the end of the heading.

Title page is the first page of the manuscript and is filled out according to certain rules.

In the upper field, the full name of the educational institution is indicated, separated from the rest of the title page by a solid line.

In the middle field, the name of the topic of the abstract without the word “topic” is indicated. This name is written without quotes. The title of the abstract should reflect the problem stated in it and correspond to the main content of the work. When formulating a topic, you should follow the rule: the narrower the topic, the more words are contained in the title. One or two words testify to the vagueness, lack of specificity in the content, that the work is “about everything and about nothing”.

Below, in the center of the heading, the type of work and the academic subject (for example, an examination paper in biology) are indicated.

Even lower, closer to the right edge of the title page, the surname, name, patronymic of the student, class are indicated. Even lower - last name, first name, patronymic and position of the head and, if any, consultants.

The lower field indicates the city and year of work (without the word “year”). The choice of the size and type of font of the title page is not of fundamental importance. After the title page is placed table of contents , which lists all the titles of the work and specifies the pages they start on. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the headings in the text. Followed byintroduction, main text(according to the division into sections and with brief conclusions at the end of each section) and conclusion . The main text may be accompanied by illustrative material (drawings, photographs, diagrams, diagrams, tables). If the main part contains quotations or references to statements, it is necessary to indicate the number of the source according to the list and the page in square brackets at the end of the quotation or reference.

For example:

Ancient wisdom says: “Tell me and I will forget, show me and I will remember, let me do it myself and I will learn” . After the conclusion, it is customary to placeList of sources(at least 3-5), which, as noted above, may include a variety of their types. When making a list of sources, literature is listed first (author, book title, city, publisher, year, number of pages), and then other sources. The list is built and numbered alphabetically by the names of the authors. If the source does not contain its author, then in the list such a source takes its place according to its name. .

Of course, we are talking about educational research, the results of which are often knowledge known to society. But this work, like no other, creates motivation for learning and creative activity, forms professional qualities.

Research work can be done by one student or by a group. The level of difficulty and content must exceed the level of educational material by at least one class. The student may not be interested in this subject, but he is engaged in research activities and it brings certain benefits. The task of observing, describing and summarizing the results of the work falls on the student, i.e. primary actions. The material must be available for research, and the execution of the work is relatively simple.

I will touch on the role of the teacher in research activities. The teacher acts as a consultant, suggests directions, edits the text. Here are some algorithms for the teacher's activities in organizing research activities:

1. To create positive motivation to work through the formulation of an interesting problem.
2. Joint participation of teacher and student in the analysis of the problem.
3. Familiarization with research methods.
4. Drawing up a work plan.
5. Search for contradictions.
6. Intermediate control and correction of work performed.
7. Work protection.
8. Finalization and protection of the work.

Rules for registration of research work

Research work is a written report on any phenomenon or process. In the course of the research work, the compiler must answer the questions: why (research problem), what (research area), and how (research method) were researched, and what are the results and conclusions reached during the work.

The topic of research work can cover any subject area.
In a research paper, one cannot represent the opinions of other authors without making references. In the research work, you can use the conclusions of other authors, but when comparing and analyzing these conclusions, you need to make your own.

General requirements

Research work is carried out on A4 format in soft cover. The work must be done on a computer. The work is written only on one side of the page. Font size 12 (14) Times New Roman, regular, line spacing 1(1.5). All pages are numbered starting from the title page. The page number is placed at the bottom center of the page; the page number is not placed on the title page. Each new section (introduction, chapters, paragraphs, conclusion, list of sources, applications) starts on a new page. The heading is located in the middle of the line, do not put a dot at the end of the heading.

Logical construction of work:

1. Title page
2. Table of contents
3. Introduction
4. Main body of work

• theoretical part
• practical part

1. Conclusion
2. References
3. Applications

Title page

• Name of the educational institution where the work was performed, region and locality
• Name of the children's association
• Work theme
• Surname, name, patronymic of the author
• Age (class)
• Surname, name, patronymic of the head of work
• Year of completion

Note: the content should be placed on a separate page, like any other structural element.

Introduction

• substantiation of the relevance of the topic,
• formulation of the problem,
• the object, subject and purpose of the study are determined,

Note: the purpose of the work should be formulated specifically, not in general terms.

• a hypothesis, tasks and methodological foundations of the study are formed
• describes the novelty and practical significance of the work

Note: Adjustment of the introduction may continue until the complete completion of all work. The volume of the introduction is no more than one page of typewritten text. There is no need to include any illustrations in the "Introduction" section.

Main body of work

1. Theoretical part

• review of the literature on the research topic;
• collected material is analyzed and summarized

When analyzing the literature, the following scheme can be used:

• author, brief information about him;
• the problem that the author poses in his research;
• sources on the basis of which the study is written;
• main ideas, concepts put forward by the author;
• author's conclusions;
• your opinion about this study.

Note: it is necessary that in the process of presenting the content of this part of the work, the author should make the transition from the analysis of single factors to their theoretical generalization. At the end of the theoretical part, conclusions containing the main theoretical provisions are obligatory. Places cited in the manuscript should have precise indications, references to the source.

If the work contains quotations or references to statements, it is necessary to indicate the number of the source according to the list and the page in square brackets at the end of the quotation or reference. For example: According to Einstein, space and time are relative, they depend on the speed of the reporting system

1. Practical part

• contains specific developments of the content and methods that show ways to solve the problems and tasks;
• describes what and how the author did to prove the hypothesis put forward, is a research methodology
• describes the results obtained during the study

Note: the data of the experimental part of the study should be presented in the form of graphs, tables, charts, etc. At the end of the chapter, it is necessary to clearly formulate conclusions on the practical part of the work.

Conclusion

• summarizing the results of the study,
• the theoretical novelty and practical significance of the study have been proved,
• possible prospects for further development of the problem are identified;
• recommendations
• general conclusions on the work as a whole

Note: conclusions should not be a summary of the work or its section. The most important conclusion should be placed first, and then arranged in descending order of importance.

• the correspondence of the conclusions to the set goals and objectives was revealed
• possible prospects for further development of the problem are identified.

Note: the conclusion should not repeat the content of the chapters, but represent a generalization of a higher level, a synthesis of all the data obtained.

List of used literature

• the list of references should contain various types of publications: normative, reference, scientific, periodicals, etc.
• The list of references contains a listing of all the articles and books mentioned in the text. It is needed so that any reader can find any book or article according to the data in the list.
• the list is compiled according to a certain standard, which can be found in any scientific article.
• Articles and books in the list are usually arranged in alphabetical order by authors' surnames. If there are several authors, the place is determined by the surname of the first of them. Usually, the following recording order is used: surname, initials, book title, place of publication (city), publisher name, year. If we are talking about an article, the order is as follows: surname, initials; article title; magazine, volume, number, year, pages.
• if the list contains works in foreign languages, they follow the list of Russian literature in Latin alphabetical order.

Applications

The placement of quantitative data is done mainly in the following ways:

• Organizing information in the form of tables
• Representation of information using graphic images (graphs, diagrams, etc.)
• Accompanying the text with illustrations in the form of photographs, drawings, drawings, diagrams, maps, drawings, etc.

Application submission rules:

• all applications are located at the end of the work;
• each application starts on a new page and has a meaningful title;
• appendices should have continuous pagination in common with the rest of the work;
• the application number is placed in the upper right corner above the application title; after the word "Appendix" the sign "No" is not put;
• all applications in the main part of the work should be referenced.

Work language

The work must be written in a clear and concise literary language appropriate for the subject. Slang and colloquial phrases are not allowed in research work.

List of used literature and Internet resources

1. Pavlova V.P. Note-taking training. - M.: Russian language, 1978
2. Technology of research activities of students: Methodological guide / S.A. Yanovsky. - Syktyvkar, 2006
3. http://chimik.ucoz.ru/publ/kak_napisat_issledovatelskuju_rabotu/1-1-0-6
4. http://rus-gmo.at.ua/load/uchis_uchitsja/kak_napisat_issledovatelskuju_rabotu/17-1-0-98

The purpose of a competent design of research work is to show the skills of students in independent developments carried out by modern methods. In addition, it consists in analyzing the results obtained and comparing them with book data. Pupils and students must demonstrate the ability to come to scientifically sound conclusions.

Today we will talk about both the structure of the research work and the basic principles of its design. The main requirements here are accuracy, capacity, brevity and the most complete compliance with the content. There are even examples of designing research papers for kindergartens! But today we will talk about the work of students and schoolchildren.

What to write in the introduction

The purpose of this section is to briefly characterize the problem in its current state, to substantiate the relevance of implementation, the significance from the point of view of science (as well as practice). In addition, to formulate the main tasks and designate the subject of research and its object, put forward the main hypothesis. Even the design example contains the same requirements (perhaps in a somewhat simplified form).

Justifying the relevance of the chosen topic, avoid verbosity. The main thing is to show its significance and timeliness, as well as the essence of the existing problem.

A classic example of the rules for designing a research work of a schoolchild or student requires the formulation of the main goal below and the clarification of the specific tasks that this work has to solve. As a rule, information is submitted in the form of a list - which aspects should be identified, studied, restored, described, and so on. With one single goal, several tasks can be put forward at once. Their optimal number is from three to five.

The goal statement should contain an indication of the general meaning and direction of the study. It should fit in one sentence. The goal is organically tied to the topic and should be fully consonant with it.

What are tasks?

With the designated tasks, we clarify our goal and pave the way to achieve it. The wording of each of them corresponds to the next stage of the content and most often serves as the heading of a particular chapter.

In the introduction, it is necessary to formulate both the object of research and its subject. The first refers to the phenomena (or processes) that give rise to a given problem situation, which are to be studied. The subject of research is only a part of the object. It determines the theme, rendered as a title on the title page.

If there is an example of the design of a research paper with the formulation of the topic in a figurative style, the title should be duplicated in more scientific terms.

Hypothesis is one of the most important elements of research. What it is? This term is understood as a scientifically sound assumption regarding the explanation (rather conditional) of certain phenomena, their causes or regular relationships. The area of ​​hypotheses is the natural environment, social life or the human mind.

Literature review section

In it, the author is required to demonstrate possession of information about those main works that are available on the topic of the issue under study. Another necessary skill concerns the ability to work purposefully with book materials, to select, analyze and compare the facts contained in them. Any example of designing a research paper encourages the author to demonstrate his own familiarity with the designated area in the context of at least several sources, which allows him to set himself serious scientific tasks.

The text of the section is accompanied by links to the material used for the work. The same applies to available tables and figures. When reviewing the literature, only selected topics should be covered. It is not necessary to detail all the information read, most of which only indirectly affects the problem.

Examples of the design of the research work of schoolchildren and students demonstrate that it is recommended to end this section with a brief conclusion regarding the prospects for future study of the topic.

If our work is conceived in the natural sciences and concerns materials obtained in field natural conditions, then the following sections should be provided.

Research methodology and material

An example of the design of a research paper in this part contains an indication of the area where the data was collected, the dates of the collection of materials, information about who carried out the observation, and lists its objects. If we are talking about experimental work, it is necessary to indicate the place of its implementation.

Research methods are those methods and techniques that the author resorts to in his work. They depend on the tasks set and act as tools in obtaining factual material. Among these, one can distinguish methods related to general (in the form of observation, comparison, measurement, modeling, synthesis, analysis, experiment, questioning, testing, interviewing) and others (of a private nature), which are used when depriving only a narrow range of tasks.

What is the difference between method and technique? You will meet these concepts in any example of designing a research paper. The latter concerns diagnostics and data processing methods, and also explains the result. If the technique is not the author's (its description is contained in the available literature), a detailed presentation of the essence is not required. It is enough to limit oneself to a reference to the corresponding source. If changes are made to it, they should be described in detail with a justification for this need. The same applies to the entirely original technique.

What else needs to be considered

An example of designing a research work of a schoolchild and a student implies, among other things, in this section a listing of the tools and instruments used in the work, indicating the permissible measurement error of all parameters.

The section characterizing the study area is compiled using the literature. Its significance is quite large in developments of a natural science nature, geo- and biological, etc. In such works, this section is very extensive.

About research results

The "Results" section is usually the main one. Here you can find examples of the design of the practical part of the research work. Usually it is divided into several parts in accordance with a number of specific tasks. Its content consists in a detailed presentation of the identified results with their illustration (if necessary) by drawings, tables, graphs, diagrams and photos. A comparison is made with data obtained from third-party sources.

References to tables or figures in the text of this section are obligatory. According to the formatting rules, which we will discuss below, each subsection briefly summarizes the most important points (usually without using the word "conclusion").

In the case of a large amount of material of the revealed data, an independent section can be devoted. Here the author will have to show off the ability to reflect, draw the necessary conclusions and compare facts or data. It is here that his agreement with the generally accepted point of view or a motivated objection is given.

The results given in a strict order should be subject to statistical processing. This is done using well-known computer programs like Excel or thanks to special algorithms written specifically for this study (which may be one of its tasks).

conclusions

The purpose of this section is to briefly formulate the results in the context of each item, give practical recommendations and outline the prospects for future research. In the absence of specific results obtained, the conclusions are replaced by a more or less lengthy conclusion. It acts as an ending, logically draws up the results obtained and ties them to the tasks to be solved and the overall goal of the work.

The conclusions must necessarily indicate whether the author has achieved the goal, and to what extent. This requirement is always presented for an example of the correct design of a research paper.

"Literature" and "Applications"

These sections are devoted to listing in alphabetical order the complete list of used works. In the case when some of them are published in foreign languages, they are also given in alphabetical order, after the list of Russian-language sources. The numbering in this case has a through character.

In the "Appendices" they take out most of the additional and auxiliary materials in order to avoid cluttering up the main text. Their content can be very different. We are talking about the originals of certain documents and research protocols indicating specific data.

The form of materials can be graphics, text, map, table, illustration, photo, etc. Any of the applications exists as a separate sheet, in the corner (top right) of which is the word "Application" with a specific title. If there are several of them, they are numbered without the sign # using Arabic numerals. It also has a through character and is a continuation of the numbering of sheets of the entire text of the work. Link applications to the main document through links ("see Appendix 1").

Research work: an example (sample) of design

Perform it on standard sheets of white A4 writing paper. The location is vertical. Each of the sheets contains margins (2 cm at the top and bottom, 1 cm on the right and 3 cm on the left). You don't need to circle them.

The optimal total volume of sheets should be adhered to. It shouldn't be too big. It is best when the number of pages is from 15 to 20.

The text is printed, as a rule, on a computer using a line spacing of one and a half characters. Place it only on one side of each sheet, align with word wrapping across the width of the text. The dot is used as the decimal point.

Necessary nuances

All abbreviations are subject to mandatory decoding. If abbreviations are necessary, then an explanation of each of them is made at the first mention.

Pages are numbered from the fourth in a row. The number is placed in the middle of the sheet. The title page is the first page. If there are references to plants, animals, microorganisms, after each of them in brackets is given in Latin and their species name. The name of the author who first described this phenomenon is also indicated.

If the research is conducted in the field of botany, the appropriate herbarium must be attached to the work.

Work structure

The first (title) page indicates the full name (of a legal nature) of the institution where the work was carried out. Further in capital letters - the name of the work itself, then the last name, first name of the performer, his class or group, as well as information about the leader and consultant (if any). If available, it is necessary to mention the position and academic degree of each. This applies mainly to examples of the design of student research papers. Below is the designation of the settlement and the year of execution.

The second sheet is always devoted to the content of the work (table of contents). It necessarily contains the full composition of the headings and subheadings of the study, whose strict compliance with the text must be observed. The page numbers from which each section begins are given.

Any heading is capitalized. There is no dot at the end. The rubrics are numbered according to the indexing system (1.1, 1.2, ...).

Let's go to the text

The third page is dedicated to the introduction. Its volume, according to the classic example of the design of a research paper, usually does not exceed the size of a page.

Starting from the fourth sheet, we move on to the main part of the work with the sections named above. It is always designed as a continuous text, separated by small intervals. Each of the sections should be marked with double numbering (3.1, 3.2, etc.), the headings of all subsections should also be included in the bibliography.

At the end of the main part, a conclusion is made (or conclusions are written). To do this, use separate sheets of paper. Literature is also listed from a new page.

How to arrange illustrative material

All tables are numbered through order. Their location on the sheet can be horizontal or vertical. On the right should be marked: "Table number ...". In the middle of the line below is its name.

In the case of reprinting from any literary source, it is obligatory to indicate in brackets after the name of the reference to it. If the table is an alternation of results and literature data, the references are placed in the corresponding parts of it. If necessary, all the necessary notes are given under the table.

When its size is too large (does not fit on one sheet), it can be transferred to the next (in brackets - "continuation" or "end"). The heading of the table is given only once.

All graphic images that can exist in the form of diagrams, photographs, diagrams, graphs or drawings also have continuous numbering and are referred to as drawings. Perform them with ink or black paste. The designations necessary for the author are placed on the figure using numbers or icons. Below the figure is its designation - "Fig. (number)" and the name. Below is a numbered list of conventions.

As in the case of tables, references are placed to drawings borrowed from the literature. If the picture is reproduced with changes from the original, this should be indicated next to it.

Research paper: an example of link design

The form of reference to them depends on the source. The latter are articles or books that have an author or several, as well as reference books, dictionaries and school textbooks.

If a book or article has one or two authors, references are made with their surnames in brackets without initials, separated by commas along with the year of publication. Another option is to indicate the name of the author in the text of the work itself. In this case, the initials are affixed, the year of publication is indicated in brackets.

If the team of authors consists of more than two people, the name of only the first of them is mentioned with the addition of "et al." or "with co-authors". In the case when there are too many authors (this applies to encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc.), only the title with the year of publication of the book is given instead of the surname.

As a rule, long titles of literary sources are given no more than once. In the future, they will be reduced. If a verbatim quotation is used in the text, a comma-separated page number is indicated with the quoted fragment.

How to make a bibliography

This is done according to certain bibliographic rules for different sources. An example of designing a research work of a schoolchild or student contains exactly the same requirements. Any of the articles or books are written in alphabetical order from the red line. First, as already mentioned, works in Russian are given, below - in foreign ones.

It is obligatory for all types of sources to indicate information about the authors, titles, output data and quantitative characteristics. Under the imprint means information about the name of the publisher, its location and year of publication. The names of the cities are given in full, with the exception of Moscow and St. Petersburg, which are usually used in abbreviation.

Quantitative characteristic refers to the number of pages. If we are talking about a journal or collection, only those pages that are directly related to the publication are given. In this case, the information exists in the form of an indication through the dash of the numbers of the first and last of them.

Referring to an Internet site, in addition to the author and title, the list of sources includes the address of the web page.

writing requirements and registration research work

1. Goals and objectives of research work

Research work is an independent study of the student, revealing his knowledge and ability to apply them to solve specific practical problems. The work should be logically complete and demonstrate the student's ability to competently use special terminology, clearly express his thoughts, and argue proposals.

The tasks of scientific research work are :

Development of skills for independent research activities and their application to solving actual practical problems;

Conducting an analysis of the theoretical approaches existing in domestic and foreign science that are within the scope of the research being carried out;

Conducting independent research on the selected issue;

Demonstration of the ability to systematize and analyze the data obtained during the study;

Instilling interest in scientific activity.

2. Organization of work

2.1. Proposing a Research Problem

Research work is an exploratory study aimed at identifying and, possibly, solving a problem.

In science, a problem is understood as a contradictory situation that arises as a result of the discovery of new facts that clearly do not fit into the framework of previous theoretical provisions.

nominationstudentsproblems for scientific research should be based on the facts of the surrounding world. Observationand analysis of human interaction with nature, technology, information systems, society, other people, as well as self-knowledge can help the student discover a problem situation that needs to be studied.

2.2. Algorithm for working on a scientific problem

There is a single algorithm that reflectsphasingwork on a research problem of a specialist of anylevel: inchoiceProblems;

collection of information about the knowledge already available in science onstudiedissues;

analysis and generalization of the acquired knowledge on the problem;

development of the concept and planning of the study;

selection of methods and techniques for the implementation of the study;

conducting research;

processing of received data;

writing the theoretical and empiricalmaterialin the form of a complete text;

submission of work for review;

presentation for defense and defense of the work.

2.3 Structural components of research work

The structure of the work should be presented as follows:

title page;

introduction;

chapters of the main part;

conclusions;

conclusion;

bibliography;

applications.

Is it titular article is the first page of the research work and is filled out according to certain rules. The upper field indicates the full name of the educational institution on the basis of which the study is carried out. In the middle field, the title of the work is given, which is drawn up without the word “subject” and is not enclosed in quotation marks. After the title, the type of scientific research work is indicated. Below, closer to the right edge of the title page, the surname, name, patronymic of the performer are indicated, and then the surname, first name and patronymic of the leader, his scientific rank (if any) and position are recorded. The lower field indicates the location of the educational institution and the year the work was written.

Content placed on the second page. It gives the titles of chapters and paragraphs, indicating the pages from which they begin. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the titles of chapters and paragraphs in the text. When designing, the headings of steps of the same level must be placed one under the other. The headings of each subsequent stage are shifted five characters to the right in relation to the headings of the previous stage. They all start with a capital letter without a dot at the end. The page numbers are fixed in the right column of the content.

Chapters and paragraphs are numbered according to a multilevel system, that is, they are designated by digital numbers containing in all steps the number of their heading and the heading to which they are subordinate. Introduction and conclusion are not numbered.

Inadministered , fixedproblem, relevance, practical significance research; the object and subject of research are determined; the purpose and objectives of the study are indicated; briefly lists the methods of work. All of the above components of the introduction should be interconnected with each other.

Work begins with settingProblems , which contributes to determining the direction in the organization of research, and represents knowledge not about the immediate objective reality, but about the state of knowledge about this reality. By posing a problem, the researcher answers the question: “What needs to be studied from what has not been studied before?” In the process of formulating a problemimportancehas the formulation of questions and the definition of contradictions.

Putting forward a problem involves further justificationresearch relevance . When formulating it, it is necessary to answer the question: why does this problem need to be studied at present?

After determining the relevance, it is necessary to determineobject and subject of research .

In the literature one can findinterpretationthe concept of the object of study in two meanings. Firstly,object of study is interpreted as a process to which cognition is directed or a phenomenon that generates a problem situation and is chosen for study. Secondly, the object is understood as the carrier of the phenomenon under study, for example, some authors single out representatives of a particular social group as an object of study.

Subject of study is more specific and gives an idea of ​​how new relationships, properties or functions of the object are considered in the study. The subject sets the boundaries of scientific research within a particular study.

In addition to the object and subject of research, the introduction should clearly definepurpose and objectives of the study .

Underpurpose research understands the final, scientific and practical results that should be achieved as a result of its implementation.

Tasks Research represents all successive stages of organizing and conducting research from beginning to end.

An important point in the work is the formulationhypotheses , which should be a logical, scientifically substantiated, quite probable assumption that requires special proof for its final approval as a theoretical position.

Hypothesis is considered scientifically sound if it meets the following requirements:

does not include too many provisions;

does not contain ambiguous concepts;

goes beyond the simple registration of facts, serves them

explanation and prediction, affirming concretely a new thought, idea;

verifiableAndapplicableto a wide range of phenomena;

does not include value judgments;

has the right style.

The chapters of the main part are devoted to the disclosure of the content of scientific research work.

First chapter the main part of the work is usually the wholeis based on the analysis of scientific literature . When writing it, it must be taken into account that the main approaches to the problem under study, presented in the literature, must be critically analyzed, compared, and appropriate generalizations and conclusions made.

In the process of presenting the material, it is advisable to reflect the following aspects:

define, clarify the terms and concepts used in the work;

to state the main approaches, directions of research on the problem under study, to identify what is known on this issue in science,

and what is not, what is proved, but insufficiently complete and accurate;

designate the types, functions, structure of the phenomenon under study;

list the features of formation (factors, conditions,

mechanisms, stages) and manifestations (signs, normative and pathological functioning) of the phenomenon under study.

In general, when writing the main part of the work, it is advisable to complete each section with a brief summary or conclusions. . They summarize the material presented and serve as a logical transition to subsequent sections.

The structure of the chapter can be represented by several paragraphs and depends on the topic, the degree of development of the problem in psychology, on the typeworkstudent.

In the subsequent parts of the work, which has an experimental part, the rationale for the choice of certain methods and specific research methods is given, information is provided on the research procedure and its stages, and a description of the groups of respondents is proposed. .

When describing methods, the obligatory data is: its name, author, indicators and criteria, which will be further subjected to statistical processing.

It is customary to include information about the number of subjects, their qualifications, age, gender, and other data significant for interpretation in the characteristics of respondents.

After that, the paper presents the results of the study, tables. If the tables are bulky, it is better to give them in the appendix. In the application, you can put some of the most interesting or typical illustrations, drawings, etc.

Chapter experimental part of the work ends with the interpretation of the obtained results . It is advisable to describe the results in stages, regarding the key points of the study. The analysis of experimental data ends with conclusions. When compiling them, the following rules must be taken into account:

conclusions should be a consequence of this study

and do not require additional measurements;

conclusions should correspond to the tasks;

conclusions should be formulated concisely, not have a large amount of digital material;

conclusions should not contain well-known truths that do not require proof.

Statement of the content of the work ends with conclusion , which is a brief overview of the study performed. In it, the author can again turn to the relevance of the study as a whole, evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen approach, and emphasize the prospects of the study. The conclusion should not be a mechanical summary of the conclusions found at the end of each chapter of the main body. It should contain something new, essential, which constitutes the final results of the study.

At the end, after the conclusion, it is customary to placebibliography , where only the sources used in the text of the work are entered. And usedconsideredonly those works that are referenced in the text, and not all articles, monographs that the author read in the process of performing scientific -research work.

In the application volumetric materials are determined. Primary tables, graphs, products of the subjects' activities, etc. can be included there. According to their content, applications can be of a diverse plan: reference books, legal documentation, etc.

3. Requirements for the design of a research paper

3.1. General requirements for registration

The research work submitted for the competition must be drawn up in accordance with the uniform standard requirements for this type of scientific work.

The text is submitted on white paper in format A4 (297*210) on one side of the sheet.

When writing and printing, the following rules should be observed:

Margin size: left -3 cm, right -1 cm, top -2 cm

bottom- 2.5 cm;

Page numbering - centered at the bottom of the page;

The text is printed at 1.5 intervals (5 characters);

Paragraph-1.25cm;

There are 29-30 lines on a sheet;

Page numbering begins with the title page, which is assigned the number 1, but it is not placed on the page. Further, the entire subsequent volume of works, including the bibliographic list and appendices, are numbered in order to the last page;

The beginning of each chapter is printed on a new page. This also applies to the introduction, conclusion, bibliography,

applications;

The title of the chapter is printed in bold capital letters, the title of the paragraphs is in capital letters, the selection of chapters and paragraphs from the text is carried out by skipping the additional interval;

Headings should be placedin the middlelines are symmetrical to the text, between the title and the text there is a gap of 3 intervals.

The same distance is maintained between chapter and paragraph headings;

For computer typing, the font size is -14;

The serial number of the chapter is indicated by one Arabic numeral (for example: 1,2,3), paragraphs have double numbering (for example: 1.1, 1.2, etc.). The first digit indicates ownershipto

chapter, the second - to its own numbering.

3.2. Requirements for the design of citations and references

Citations are often used to support one's own conclusions and to critically analyze a particular provision. When citing, the following requirements must be met:

When quoting verbatim, the author's thought is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in the grammatical form in which it is given.in

primary source. At the end, a reference is made to the source, which indicates the number of the book or article in the list of references and the page number where the quote is located, for example: the designation indicates that the quote used in the work is on page 123 in the original source at number 4 in the list of references .

When quoting verbatim (retelling, presenting the points of view of various authors in your own words), the text is not enclosed in quotation marks. After the expressed thought, it is necessary to indicate the number in brackets

source in the list of references without indicating specific pages,on the­

example: .

If the text is not quoted from the original source, butonanother

onbook….” and indicate the page numbers and source number in the bibliography, for example:( cit. According to the book ).

If a quotation acts as an independent sentence, then it

begins with an uppercase letter, even if the first word in the original source begins with a lowercase letter and is enclosed in quotation marks. Quote,

included in the text after the subordinating conjunction (what, for, if, by

the fact that) is enclosed in quotation marks and is written with a lowercase letter, even

if in the cited source it begins with a capital letter.

When quoting, it is allowed to skip words, sentences, paragraphs without distorting the content of the original text. Passin

textindicated by an ellipsis and is placed in the place where the thought is omitted.

Quotations retain the same punctuation as in the cited source.

words, then he must specifically stipulate this in brackets, for example:

(underlined by me - O.K. or (our italics - O.K.).

In modern scientific literature, internal text links are used. Their design is possible in two versions. First: after the mention of the author in square bracketsindicateserial numbers of those sources referred to in the text. For example: The works of S. L. Rubinshtein reveal ... The second option: after the mention of the author, the year of publication of the monograph, articles is indicated in accordance with the list of literature used in the work. Example: In a number of works by S. L. Rubinshtein (1957), A. N. Leontiev (1965), B. M. Teplov (1956), A. A. Smirnov (1966) formulated new approaches to the study of consciousness.

When one page gets two or three links to the same

samesource, then the author's surname or serial number is indicated once. Further, in square brackets, it is customary to write [Ibid.]

or when quoting [Ibid.S. 309].

3.3. Requirements for the design of tables

The digital data of the study are grouped into tables, the design of which must meet the following requirements:

The word "Table" without abbreviations and quotation marks is written in the upper right corner above the table itself and its title. The tables are numbered in Arabic numerals without a number sign and a dot at the end. If there is only one table in the text, then no number is assigned to it and the word "table" is not written.

The numbering of tables and figures can be end-to-end throughout

the text of the work or independent in each section. Then it is presented by levels like chapters and paragraphs. For example: in Chapter 2, the tables will be numbered 2.1, 2.2, etc. The first numbering option is usually used in works that are small in volume and structure.

The second one is preferable if there is a detailed work structure

and a large amount of visual material.

The name of the table is located between its numbering and its own content. Written with a capital letter without a dotin

end.

When transferring the table to the next page, the headings of the vertical columns should be numbered and only their number should be repeated.

Previously above the table, place the words "Continuation of the table

8".

When fixing raw scores in the tables, if there is no

direct necessity, it is not customary to write the names of the respondents. This is professionally unethical.

The name of the table, its separate lines should not contain

abbreviations, abbreviations not previously specified in the text of the work.

3.4. Requirements for the design of illustrations

As illustrations in research papers, drawings, diagrams, graphs, diagrams, which are discussed in the text, can be used. When designing illustrations, remember:

All illustrations must be numbered. If the work presents different types of illustrations, then the numbering is separate for each type.

The text of the work contains those illustrations to which it contains direct references such as "the above is confirmed by the figure ...".

The rest of the illustrative material is located in the appendices.

Numbers of illustrations and their titles are written below the image, indicated by Arabic numerals without a number after the word "Fig.".

Various inscriptions are allowed on the illustration itself, if

space allows it. However, conventions are used more often, which are deciphered below the image.

On diagrams of all types, features should be expressed

main and auxiliary, visible and invisible details, links

depicted objects or process.

When constructing line charts, a coordinate field is usually used. On the abscissa axis, in the depicted scale, independent factor signs are plotted, on the ordinate axis - indicators at a certain moment or period of time or the changed size of any sign. The vertices of the ordinates are usually connected by a stroke, resulting in a broken broken line. Several line charts can be drawn on the coordinate fieldfor

visual comparison of results. On bar and pie charts, the size of the rectangles or sectors should be proportional to the values ​​they represent.

3.5. Application design requirements

Applications can vary in content. When making them, you should take into account the general rules of registration.

Applications are made out as continuations of the main material on the pages following it. For large volumes or

application format are made in the form of an independent blockin

a special folder, on the front side of which the heading "Appendices" is given and then all the elements of the title page of the research work are repeated.

Each application must start on a new sheet with a number in the upper right corner, for example: Appendix 1.

Each application has a thematic title, which is locatedin the middlelines under the application numbering.

If there are several applications, they are numbered in Arabic numerals in order without a number sign and a dot at the end.

The numbering of pages on which annexes are given should be

be continuous and continue the general pagination of the main

text.

3.6. Requirements for the design of a bibliographic list

The list of literature of the research work is made up of only those sources that are referenced in the text. When compiling a list in scientific circles, it is customary to use the alphabetical method of grouping literary sources, where the names of authors or titles (if there are no authors) are placed in alphabetical order.

The bibliographic list is drawn up in accordance with GOST 7.1.84. “Bibliographic description of the document. General requirements and compilation rules: GOST 7.1.84 -input. 01/01/86. - M., 1984. - 75from. ANDfromtaking into account the brief rules of "Compiling a bibliographic description" (2nd ed., add. - M .: Publishing house "Kn. Palata", 1991).

Rules for the design of bibliographic lists:

For books of one or more authors, the surname and initials of the authors (dot), title of the book without quotes with a capital letter (dot and dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher without quotes (comma), year of publication (dot and dash) , the number of pages in the book with a capital "c" at the end (dot).

Example:Perret-ClermontAN The role of social interactions in the development of the intellect of children. - M.: Pedagogy, 1991. - 248from.

For a compiling collection of two or three authors, the name of the collection (one oblique line) is indicated, followed by the word

"Comp." (dot) initials and surname of the compilers (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), name of the publisher (without quotes, comma), year of publication (dot, dash), number of pages in the collection with a capital letter "s".

For example: Tips for the manager/FROMrest. A. N. Zotov, G. A. Kovaleva. - Sverdlovsk.:Wednesday.- Ural. Book. Publishing house, 1991. - 304 p.

When designing a collection with a team of authorsundergeneral

the title of the collection is indicated by the editors (one oblique line) yes

can be either the word "Comp." and lists a number of compilers

(semicolon), the word "Ed." (dot), initials and surname of the editor (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher

"s", dot), or the word "Ed." (dot), initials and surname of the editor (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher

(comma), year of publication (dot, dash), number of pages (capital

"s", dot).

For example: Brief explanatory dictionary of the Russian language/ FROMrest. I. L. Goretskaya, T. N.Polovtsev, M N. Sudoplatova, T. A. Fomenko; Ed. V. V. Rozanova. - M.: Russian. Yaz., 1990. - 251from..

Psychology. Dictionary/ Pone common Ed. A.V.Petrovsky, M. G.Yaroshevsky. - 2nd ed. - M.: Politizdat, 1990. - 494 p.

For articles in the collection, the surname and initials of the author (dot), title of the work (dot, two oblique lines), title

collection (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, dash), capital letter

"C" (dot), first and last page number (dot).

Example: Leontiev A.N. General concept of activity // Reader on age psychology. Ed. D.I.Feldstein.-M.:International.Peducational. Academy, 1994. - S. 112-121.

For articles in the journal, the surname and initials of the author (dot), the title of the article (two oblique lines), the title of the journal

without quotes (dot, dash), year of publication (dot, dash), journal number

(dot, dash), capital letter "C" (dot) of the page (dot).

Example:EinsteinV. Examinees and examiners // Higher education in Russia. - 1999. - No. 3. - S. 34-42.

3.6 Abstract requirements

The abstract is a provision that briefly sets out the idea, as well as the main ideas of the study.

Requirements for the content of abstracts.

1. Validity of the relevance and novelty of the project topic.

2. Goals and objectives of the study.

3. Summarybasicresearch ideas.

Abstracts are accepted on paper and electronic media.

Requirements for the preparation of abstracts on paper

Submitted abstracts must include:

1. Section name.

2. Job title.

3. Surname, name, patronymic of the author.

4. Name of institution, class.

5. Surname, name, patronymic of the head with an indication of the position.

6. No more than one page.

7. Page Options: According toGOSTR6.30-2003

margins must be at least - top, bottom, left -20 mm

right - 10mm.

8. Sheet format A-4.

Instruction

All research tasks must be carried out in an atmosphere of psychological comfort. Don't forget to reward your students even for small successes. Young researchers should not be afraid to make mistakes and do something wrong.

Useful advice

During the research work, use a variety of learning tools: observations, experiments, searching for information in books and the Internet, consultations of specialists in a particular field.

Sources:

• How to write a research paper
• how to write a research paper for a student

Research activity is an important stage in professional life. But this type of work is associated with a large number of formalities. To easily overcome bureaucratic obstacles, complete all documents in a timely manner.

You will need

• - scientifically substantiated hypothesis;
• - a detailed plan for future research activities;
• - electronic presentation;
• - consultations of a senior specialist.

Instruction

Research activities should be coordinated with higher management. Only in this case will you get access to specialized equipment and materials intended for official use.

To obtain the necessary approvals from management, prepare a theoretical rationale for your study. It should contain a scientifically substantiated hypothesis and a detailed description of the practical significance of the results. The prospects and profitability of the project are often decisive in making the final decision.

Before contacting competent officials, seek the advice of a more highly qualified colleague of yours. Choose an employee who is good in this issue or at least in a related field. If you receive a research permit, he may be appointed as your research supervisor. Listen to your colleague's criticism and consider it carefully. After all, the same arguments against your theory can be brought by officials considering the project.

Given this circumstance, prepare a presentation of your future research activities and a detailed scientific rationale in printed form. Use as many compelling arguments as possible, supported by visual aids (graphs, tables, charts, etc.). Submit all documentation to management for review.

After you receive approval, discuss the reporting form with the officials of the institution. Specify how often and in what form you will need to inform your superiors about the results of your work. And in the future, draw up all the documentation related to your research activities in accordance with the procedure established for you.

Ask your supervisor or research staff what documents you must submit to the accounting department in order to receive funding.

Related videos

Tip 10: How to write a research paper

Research activity, the results of which are required to be formalized in accordance with existing standards, begins at school. Even if you have chosen a specialty that does not involve such activities, while studying at the institute you will have to write such works.

Instruction

In fact, research work begins long before you start putting it into writing. First, choose an objective area, object or subject of your scientific and research interest. Then choose and formulate the theme of the work, the problem, the solution of which it will be devoted to. The topic should be new and relevant. To determine this, study as many publications on the topic as possible, especially those that have appeared in the last few years. Formulate the goals and objectives of your research work.