Presentation of energy saving lamps. Briefly about fluorescent lamps How to connect fluorescent lamps

Definition. A fluorescent lamp is a gas-discharge light source in which an electric discharge in mercury vapor creates ultraviolet radiation, which is converted into visible light using a phosphor - for example, a mixture of calcium halophosphate with other elements.

The luminous output of a fluorescent lamp is several times greater than that of incandescent lamps of similar power. The service life of fluorescent lamps is about 5 years, provided that the number of starts is limited to 2000, that is, no more than 5 starts per day during the warranty period of 2 years.

Types of low pressure lamps. A fluorescent lamp used in ceiling or specialized lamps. Usually used in pairs.

Types of high pressure lamps. DRL (Arc Mercury Luminescent). It is used for general lighting of workshops, streets, industrial enterprises and other facilities that do not have high requirements for the quality of color rendering and rooms without permanent occupancy.

Types of high pressure lamps. DRI lamps (Arc Mercury with Radiating Additives) are structurally similar to DRL, however, strictly dosed portions of special additives are additionally introduced into its burner - halides of certain metals (sodium, thallium, indium, etc.), due to which the luminous efficiency significantly increases (about 70 - 95 lm/W and above) with sufficiently good color radiation. The lamps have ellipsoidal and cylindrical flasks, inside of which a quartz or ceramic burner is placed. Service life - up to 8 - 10 thousand hours.

Types of high pressure lamps. DRSh (Arc Mercury Ball) lamps are ultra-high pressure arc mercury lamps with natural cooling. They have a spherical shape and give off strong ultraviolet radiation.

Varieties. Low pressure HPS, 35 W. High pressure HPS, 100 W. Trium gas discharge lamp (NL). the lamps produce a bright orange-yellow light, which causes unsatisfactory color rendering quality when illuminated by them. They are mainly used for street lighting, utilitarian, architectural and decorative.

Advantages. Significantly greater light output (a 20 W fluorescent lamp provides the illumination of a 100 W incandescent lamp) and higher efficiency; variety of shades of light; diffused light; long service life (2000-20,000 hours, as opposed to 1000 for incandescent lamps), provided that sufficient quality of power supply, ballast and compliance with restrictions on the number of starts and stops are observed (therefore, they are not recommended for use in public areas with automatic switches with motion sensors ).

Flaws. Chemical hazard (LL contain mercury in amounts from 10 mg to 1 g); An uneven, line spectrum, unpleasant to the eye and causing color distortions of illuminated objects (there are lamps with a phosphor of a spectrum close to continuous, but with lower light output); Degradation of the phosphor over time leads to a change in the spectrum, a decrease in light output and, as a consequence, a decrease in LL efficiency; The presence of an additional device for starting the lamp - a ballast (a bulky, noisy inductor with an unreliable starter or expensive electronic ballasts); Very low lamp power factor.

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In November 2009, the president signed a federal law (N 261-FZ) on energy saving and increasing energy efficiency. This law, in particular, introduces restrictions on the circulation of incandescent lamps and establishes requirements for labeling products taking into account their energy efficiency. According to the document, it is planned to stop the production and sale in the Russian Federation of incandescent lamps with a power of 100 watts or more from 2011, from 2013 - with a power of 75 watts or more, and from 2014 - with a power of 25 watts. At the same time, the government is invited to adopt rules for the disposal of used energy-saving lamps.

Thus, whether we like it or not, we will soon have to switch to energy-saving lamps. New things always frighten and cause mistrust. But is it really that scary? Let's try to figure it out!

(Slide 1) Fluorescent lamps They use in their work the principle of electric discharge in a gas-filled environment, like other gas-discharge lamps.

Back in 1856, Heinrich Geissler first conducted an electric current through a gas, breaking it through a solenoid connected to the circuit. The process was accompanied by a blue glow from a glass tube filled with gas. Even then, a standard circuit for switching on a gas-discharge lamp was implemented - to obtain a voltage surge that penetrates the gas and excites the discharge, the prototype of a modern electromagnetic ballast was used - the inductive reactance of a solenoid.

Fluorescent lamps differ from conventional gas-discharge lamps in that the light source in them is not the discharge itself, but secondary radiation created by a special coating of the bulb - phosphor. This substance emits visible light when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, which is invisible to the eye. By changing the composition of the phosphor, you can change the shade of the resulting light. The phenomenon of luminescence has been known to man for quite a long time, since the eighteenth century. However, practical interest in it began to arise only from the end of the nineteenth century.

(Slide 3) This could not have happened without the tireless and multifaceted inventor Thomas Edison, who, after giving the incandescent lamp a “start in life,” became interested in other principles of light emission and in 1893 presented an electric fluorescent lamp at the World Exhibition in Chicago.

In 1894 M.F. Moore created a lamp that used nitrogen and carbon dioxide to produce a pink-white light. This lamp was a moderate success.

(Slide 4) In 1901, Peter Cooper Hewitt demonstrated a mercury vapor lamp that emitted blue-green light and was thus unsuitable for practical purposes.

Unlike incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps were not widely used at that time - they were difficult to manufacture, expensive, bulky, and produced uneven and not very pleasantly colored light. The first to make their way were gas-discharge lamps, in which vapors of metals (mercury and sodium) were added to the gases that filled the flask (nitrogen and carbon dioxide) to produce visible light.

Fluorescent lamps have been in practical use only since 1926, when the development of chemical technologies made it possible to create a fluorescent powder that, when absorbing energy, emits an even light with a spectrum close to daylight.

(Slide 5) Therefore, Edmund Germer is considered the inventor of the fluorescent lamp, who developed the first such lamp for mass production.

In a gas-discharge lamp, he increased the gas pressure and coated the inside of the flask with powder. Germer's patent was acquired by the famous General Electric, and by 1938, under the leadership of George E. Inman, it had brought fluorescent lamps to widespread commercial use. The owners of commercial firms and industrial enterprises considered it necessary to buy fluorescent lamps, since in the workplaces of clerks or machine operators the lighting was more natural and less tiring to the eyes.

Thus, fluorescent lamps began their victorious march through public spaces. It turned out that fluorescent lamps are significantly more economical than incandescent lamps - they require several times less electricity to create the same illumination. And their longer service life pays for their relative high cost many times over.

Connection features.

From the point of view of electrical engineering, a fluorescent lamp is a device with negative resistance (the more current passes through it, the more its resistance drops). Therefore, when directly connected to the electrical network, the lamp will very quickly fail due to the huge current passing through it. To prevent this, the lamps are connected through a special device (ballast).
(Slide 6) In the simplest case, this can be an ordinary resistor, however, a significant amount of energy is lost in such ballast. To avoid these losses when powering lamps from an alternating current network, reactance (capacitor or inductor) can be used as ballast.
Currently, two types of ballasts are most widespread - electromagnetic and electronic.

Electromagnetic ballast.

(Slide 7) The electromagnetic ballast is an inductive reactor (choke) connected in series with the lamp. To start a lamp with this type of ballast, a starter is also required. The advantages of this type of ballast are its simplicity and low cost. Disadvantages: relatively long startup time (usually 1-3 seconds, time increases as the lamp wears out), higher energy consumption compared to electronic ballast. The throttle may also produce a low-frequency hum. At the enterprise, you somehow don’t pay much attention to the quiet hum that the fluorescent lamps accompany their work. There is enough noise without it. But at home, in peace and quiet, the unpleasant hum of the electromagnetic ballast core can drive you crazy. At the same time, “with age,” fluorescent lamps begin to buzz more intensely, and their glow may cease to be uniform - as it burns out, the phosphor loses its afterglow properties, and the lamp begins to “pulsate.” The AC frequency is irritating to the human eye.

In addition to the above disadvantages, one more can be noted. When observing an object rotating or oscillating at a frequency equal to or a multiple of the flickering frequency of fluorescent lamps with electromagnetic ballast, such objects will appear motionless due to the strobing effect. For example, this effect can affect the spindle of a lathe or drilling machine, a circular saw, a kitchen mixer stirrer, a vibrating electric razor blade block, etc.
To avoid injury at work, it is prohibited to use fluorescent lamps to illuminate moving parts of machines and mechanisms without additional lighting with incandescent lamps.

So, not everyone wanted to buy fluorescent lamps for the home until the mid-80s of the twentieth century. What has changed? Progress does not stand still. The development of electronics has made it possible to create electronic ballasts.

Electronic ballast.

(Slide 8) An electronic ballast is an electronic circuit that converts mains voltage into high-frequency (20-60 kHz) alternating current, which powers the lamp. The advantages of such ballast are the absence of flicker and hum, more compact dimensions and lower weight compared to electromagnetic ballast. When using an electronic ballast, it is possible to achieve an instant start of the lamp (cold start), however, this mode adversely affects the service life of the lamp, so a scheme with pre-heating of the electrodes for 0.5-1 seconds (soft start) is also used. In this case, the lamp lights up with a delay, but this mode allows you to increase the service life of the lamp.

The miniaturization of electronic components has led to the fact that electronic ballast can be placed in the volume of a matchbox. (Slide 9) In addition, as a result of the creation of highly stable narrow-band phosphors, it became possible to develop compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) for home use (for residential lighting).

It was possible to significantly reduce the diameter of the discharge tube. As for reducing the dimensions of the lamps in length, this problem was solved by dividing the tubes into several shorter sections, located in parallel and connected to each other either by curved sections of the tube or by welded glass pipes.

(Slide 10) Energy-saving lamps (ESL) are a type of low-pressure gas-discharge lamps, namely compact fluorescent lamps. But energy-saving lamps have a significant difference from traditional CFLs; they have a built-in ballast.
Energy saving lamps consist of several main parts.


Base An energy-saving lamp can be made of metallized plastic, but most often it is made of copper and its alloys.

Flask.(Slide 11) The bulb of an energy-saving lamp is a tube sealed on both sides, filled with mercury and argon vapor. The inside of the tube is coated with a layer of phosphor. Electrodes are located at two opposite ends of the tube.
The electrodes of an energy-saving lamp are a triple helix coated with an oxide layer. It is this layer that gives the electrodes their properties to create a flow of electrons (thermoelectrode emission).
Most often, three-band phosphors are used in energy-saving lamps - this creates an optimal ratio of good color rendering and good luminous efficiency.

How does the flask work? When voltage is applied to the electrodes, a heating current begins to flow through them. This current heats the electrodes before thermoelectrode emission begins. When a certain surface temperature is reached, the electrode begins to emit a stream of electrons. In this case, the electrode that emits electrons is called the cathode, and the electrode that receives the anode. Electrons colliding with mercury atoms produce ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation), which, when hit by a phosphor, is converted into visible light. The process of collision of a stream of electrons with mercury atoms is called impact ionization. Electrons colliding with mercury atoms knock out the outermost electron from their orbit, turning the mercury molecule into a heavy ion. If electrons move counter to the electric field, the vector of which is directed from the anode to the cathode, ions move in the direction of the electric field vector. That. As soon as the electrode switches to cathode mode, heavy mercury ions begin to bombard it, destroying the oxide layer. Particles of the oxide layer react with the gas that fills the flask, burn and settle on the flask near the electrode. This is why you cannot use DC voltage to power CFLs, because one electrode will always be an anode, and the other a cathode, which means that the latter will deteriorate twice as fast. The oxide layer significantly reduces the resistance of the electrode, which means that when it is destroyed, the resistance of the electrode increases. Visually, the final stage of the electrode destruction process looks like this. The energy-saving lamp starts up with a very noticeable flicker. The luminous flux increases noticeably. Within a short time, the energy-saving lamp fails.
In principle, during operation, a fairly intense, chaotic movement of electrons and ions occurs in the flask. Therefore, the phosphor layer is also subject to destruction and over time the luminous flux of the lamp decreases. It is worth noting that the flask uses mercury vapor, and mercury is a very toxic substance. But on the other hand, the flask contains extremely little mercury (no more than 3 mg, which is hundreds of times less than in a household thermometer).
The gas inside the bulb is under very low pressure, and a slight change in the ambient temperature leads to a change in the pressure inside the bulb and, as a result, to a decrease in the luminous flux. To reduce the influence of ambient temperature, some manufacturers use amalgam (a compound of mercury with metal) instead of mercury; it makes the light flux more stable.

Ballast.(Slide 12) A ballast or ballast is a lighting product that is used to power gas-discharge lamps from the electrical network, providing the necessary modes of ignition, heating and operation of gas-discharge lamps. As mentioned above, modern energy-saving lamps use electronic ballast.
Main functional elements of ballast:
– fuse;
– rectifier;
– noise filter;
– RF generator;
– starting circuit;
– RTS;
– capacitive filter of the supply network.

Ballast is a fairly simple electronic device built on active elements.
The main element of the electronic ballast is an RF generator, or rather a blocking generator with transformer positive feedback. The main element of the generator is two transistors that perform the function of RF switches. The correct choice of transistors determines the reliability and service life of the generator. The main purpose of the generator is to convert direct voltage into alternating voltage 320V 50KHz (voltage and frequency values ​​depend on the manufacturer, lamp power and ballast design). This voltage reduces wear on the electrodes and eliminates pulsations of the light flux (stroboscopic effect).
DC voltage is supplied to the generator input from a full-wave rectifier implemented with 4 diodes. After the rectifier, the DC voltage shape is far from ideal and has significant ripples. To reduce these pulsations, a capacitive filter in the form of an electrolyte is used. Since the generator generates RF voltage (50 KHz), it is necessary to exclude the possibility of RF interference entering the power supply network. For this purpose, a noise filter is used. It consists of an inductor and a capacitor.
The voltage from the HF generator, through the starting circuit (PC), is supplied to the electrode terminals.
A PC is needed to create a high voltage to start the lamp. But it is unacceptable to apply voltage to poorly heated electrodes, because this accelerates the process of electrode destruction. To ensure forced heating of the electrodes, a PTC posistor (positive temperature coefficient thermistor) is used. It provides a lamp start delay of 2-3s.
The process of starting an energy-saving lamp goes like this. When voltage is applied to the lamp, the RF generator starts. It begins to produce RF voltage. From the RF generator, voltage is supplied to the PC. A heating current begins to flow through the electrodes and the RTS. The starting choke stores energy. To create a trigger voltage (approximately 1000V), the circuit must be in resonance with the RF generator. A cold RTS bypasses the starting circuit and prevents it from entering resonance. But since a heating current flows through the RTS, the temperature of the RTS begins to increase, and the resistance also increases accordingly. At some point, the resistance of the RTS becomes so high that it ceases to bypass the starting circuit. By this point, the electrodes have already warmed up sufficiently. The PC comes into resonance with the RF generator and a jump in the starting voltage occurs, creating a discharge in the lamp bulb. The lamp starts up. As noted earlier, the use of RTS significantly reduces the wear of the electrodes and increases the service life of the lamp. The use of RTS is a personal choice of each manufacturer, but without RTS the lamp will not last more than 6000 hours.
It is worth noting another important element of the ballast - the fuse. Due to poor-quality assembly or components, a short circuit (short circuit) or fire of the energy-saving lamp may occur. The fuse makes energy-saving lamps fireproof and protects the power supply from short circuits. The use of a fuse is an additional, but not the main safety measure. The main safety measure is to ensure high quality installation and the use of quality components.

(Slide 13)Advantages of energy saving lamps.

Energy saving. The efficiency of an energy-saving lamp is very high and the luminous efficiency is approximately 5 times greater than that of a traditional incandescent light bulb. For example, a 20 W energy-saving light bulb produces a luminous flux equal to that of a conventional 100 W incandescent lamp. Thanks to this ratio, energy-saving lamps allow you to save 80% without losing the room illumination that you are used to. Moreover, during long-term operation from a conventional incandescent light bulb, the luminous flux decreases over time due to the burnout of the tungsten filament, and it illuminates the room worse, while energy-saving lamps do not have such a drawback.

Long service life. Compared to traditional incandescent lamps, energy-saving lamps last several times longer. Conventional incandescent light bulbs fail due to the tungsten filament burning out. Energy-saving lamps, having a different design and a fundamentally different operating principle, last much longer than incandescent lamps, on average 5-15 times. This is approximately from 5 to 12 thousand hours of lamp operation (usually the lamp operating life is determined by the manufacturer and indicated on the packaging). Due to the fact that energy-saving lamps last a long time and do not require frequent replacement, they are very convenient to use in places where the process of replacing light bulbs is difficult, for example, in rooms with high ceilings or in chandeliers with complex structures, where to replace the light bulb you have to disassemble the body of the chandelier itself .

Low heat transfer. Due to the high efficiency of energy-saving lamps, all expended electricity is converted into luminous flux, while energy-saving lamps emit very little heat. In some chandeliers and lamps, it is dangerous to use conventional incandescent light bulbs, because they release large amounts of heat and can melt the plastic part of the socket, adjacent wires or the housing itself, which in turn can lead to a fire. Therefore, energy-saving lamps simply must be used in lamps, chandeliers and sconces with limited temperature levels.

Great light output. In a conventional incandescent lamp, light comes only from a tungsten filament. The energy-saving lamp glows over its entire area. Thanks to this, the light from the energy-saving lamp is soft and uniform, more pleasing to the eye and better distributed throughout the room.

Selecting the desired color. Thanks to different shades of phosphor covering the body of the light bulb, energy-saving lamps have different colors of luminous flux, it can be soft white light, cool white, daylight, etc.

(Slide 14)Disadvantages of energy-saving lamps.

The only significant disadvantage of energy-saving lamps compared to traditional incandescent lamps is their high price. The price of an energy-saving light bulb is 10-20 times more than a regular incandescent light bulb. But an energy-saving light bulb is called energy-saving for a reason. Considering the energy savings when using these lamps and their service life, in the end, the use of energy-saving lamps will become more profitable.

There is one more feature of the use of energy-saving lamps, which must be attributed to their disadvantage. An energy-saving lamp is filled with mercury vapor inside. Mercury is considered a dangerous poison. Therefore, it is very dangerous to break such lamps in an apartment or room. You should be very careful when handling them. For the same reason, energy-saving lamps can be classified as environmentally harmful, and therefore they require special disposal, and throwing away such lamps is, in fact, prohibited. But for some reason, when selling energy-saving lamps in a store, sellers do not explain where to put them next.

What should you pay attention to when purchasing energy-saving lamps?

(Slide 15)Power. Energy-saving lamps are manufactured with different wattages. The power range varies from 3 to 90 W. It should be taken into account that the efficiency of an energy-saving lamp is very high and the luminous efficiency is approximately 5 times greater than that of a traditional incandescent light bulb. Therefore, when choosing an energy-saving lamp, you must adhere to the rule - divide the power of a regular incandescent lamp by five. If you used a regular 100 W incandescent light bulb in your chandelier or lamp, it will be enough for you to purchase an energy-saving 20 W light bulb.

(Slide 16) Color of light. Energy-saving lamps can shine in different colors. This characteristic is determined by the color temperature of the energy-saving lamp.

The most common compact fluorescent lamps have color temperatures of 2700K, 3300K, 4200K, 5100K, 6400K.

Typical color temperature ranges at maximum luminous efficiency of modern fluorescent lamps with multilayer phosphor:

• 2700 K – warm white light.
• 4200 K – daylight.
• 6400 K – cool white light.

The lower the color temperature characteristic of an energy-saving lamp, the color spectrum shifts to red; the higher the color temperature, the color spectrum shifts to blue. In such a situation, it is better to experiment with choosing the color you need before replacing all the light bulbs in the apartment with one color. Choose the color you need based not only on the interior features of your apartment or office, but also on the characteristics of your vision and the vision of the people around you. It’s just that the color created by an energy-saving light bulb is different from the usual light from an incandescent light bulb, and many people cannot immediately get used to it if the color is chosen incorrectly. For houses and apartments, it is recommended to use warmer colors – soft white (warm glow).

(Slide 17) Colored and special lamps. In addition to lamps with shades of white intended for general lighting, the following are also produced:

Lamps with colored phosphor (red, yellow, green, blue, indigo, purple) - for lighting design, artistic lighting of buildings, signs, shop windows.

So-called “meat” lamps with pink phosphor - for illuminating display cases with meat products, which increases their visual appeal.

Ultraviolet lamps - for night illumination and disinfection in medical institutions, barracks, etc., as well as “black light” for lighting design in nightclubs, discos, etc.

(Slide 18) Variety and size. Energy-saving lamps come in two main forms: U-shaped and spiral. There is no difference in the operating principle of these types of lamps, the differences are only in size. U-shaped lamps are easy to manufacture, cheaper than spiral lamps, but slightly larger in size. When purchasing such lamps, you should determine in advance whether the selected U-shaped energy-saving lamp will fit into your chandelier, sconce or lamp. Spiral-shaped lamps are more difficult to produce, they are slightly more expensive than U-shaped lamps, but they have the traditional dimensions of incandescent light bulbs, and as a result they are suitable for all lighting devices that previously used incandescent light bulbs.

Base type. Energy-saving lamps, like traditional incandescent light bulbs, have different types of bases. Most lighting fixtures are designed for E27 socket. But there are also devices that have an E14 base. If a large incandescent light bulb was screwed into your chandelier, then this is an E27 base. If you have a lamp with a small or medium incandescent bulb, then this may be an E14 base.

(Slide 19) Manufacturers write all the mentioned characteristics of energy-saving lamps on the packaging. For example, the inscription ESS-02A 20W E27 6400K on the packaging of a DeLux light bulb means that the lamp has a power of 20 W, with a large base (E27), and emits cool white light (6400K).

Low-pressure gas-discharge lamps are called fluorescent. They produce ultraviolet radiation (absolutely invisible to the human eye) as a result of a gas discharge, which is converted into visible light by a phosphor coating. Fluorescent Lamp It is a cylindrical tube with electrodes into which mercury vapor is pumped. When exposed to an electrical discharge, mercury vapor begins to emit ultraviolet rays, causing the phosphor deposited on the walls of the tube to emit visible light.

A fluorescent lamp can provide uniform soft light, which is quite difficult to control due to the large radiation surface. Fluorescent lamps can be linear, annular, U-shaped, or compact in shape. The diameter of the lamp tube is usually specified in eighths of an inch (for example, T5 = 5/8"" = 15.87 millimeters). But in the lamp catalog, the diameter is most often indicated in millimeters - for example, 16 millimeters for T5 lamps. Most of the fluorescent lamps comply with the international standard.

Today, the industry produces more than 100 different sizes of lamps of this type for general purpose. The most common are lamps whose power is 15, 20, 30 W for a voltage of 127 V, as well as 40, 80 and 125 W for a voltage of 220 V. The average lamp life is about 10 thousand hours.

And also their physical characteristics directly depend on the level of ambient temperature, which is determined by the temperature regime of the pressure of mercury vapor present in the lamp. If the temperature of the bulb wall is about +40 C, then the lamp achieves the highest luminous efficiency.

The main advantages of fluorescent lamps are such as very high luminous efficiency, which can reach 75 lm/W, long service life, for standard lamps reaching up to 10 thousand hours. Many consumers choose this type of lamp because of the opportunity to have light sources of different spectral composition with the best color rendition. In some cases, the advantage is the relatively low brightness, which does not dazzle the eyes too much.

Disadvantages include the limited unit power of the lamp with large sizes for such power, the relative complexity of the connection, and the inability to power the lamp with direct current. A fluorescent lamp and its characteristics are quite dependent on the level of ambient temperature. Thus, for an ordinary fluorescent lamp, the most optimal ambient temperature is the range from +18 to +25 C. If there is a temperature deviation from the specified indicator, the optimal luminous flux and luminous efficiency of the lamp are significantly reduced. Moreover, when the room temperature is below +10 C, lighting the lamp is not guaranteed at all. Therefore, fluorescent lamps are used only where their use is justified and involves obtaining an effect that cannot be created using other types of lamps.

When marking a fluorescent lamp, the following characteristics are used: L - fluorescent, D - daylight, B - white, TB - warm white, HB - cold white light, A - amalgam, C - improved color rendering.

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The main advantages of fluorescent lamps over incandescent lamps. Parameters and types of fluorescent lamps, rules for their disposal and marking features. Launch and connection, scope. History and principle of operation. Reasons for failure.







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